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A storage form of concentrated fuel for the human energy system?
Fats
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These supplement carbohydrates, and may be either solid fat or liquid oil in foods?
Dietary fats
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Chemical group name for organic substances of a fatty nature?
Lipids
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Condition of an elevated level of blood fats?
Hyperlipidemia
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Chemical group name for fats, composed of glycerol with fatty acids attached?
Glycerides
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Most natural fats have three fatty acids attached to their glycerol base, called?
Triglyceride
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Short-chain fatty acids have how many carbons?
Two to four
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Medium and long chains have how many carbons?
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Major structural components of fats?
Fatty acids
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State of being filled, containing all the material it is capable of holding?
Saturated
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Fatty acids are saturated or unsaturated according to?
Whether each carbon is filled with hydrogen
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A saturated fatty acid has a structure filled with all the hydrogen bonds it can hold, and as a result...?
It is heavier, denser, and more solid (i.e. meat fats)
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A fatty acid that is not completely filled with hydrogen, and is less heavy and less dense (i.e. liquid oil)?
Unsaturated fatty acid
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If the component fatty acids have one unfilled spot, the fat is called a?
Monounsaturated fat
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Olives and olive oil, peanuts and peanut oil, canola oil, almonds, pecans, and avocados are examples of?
Monounsaturated fatty acids
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If the component fatty acids have two or more unfilled spots, the fat is?
Polyunsaturated
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Vegetable oils, fats from plants, and fish sources are examples of?
Polyunsaturated
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A nutrient is essential if it contains what two principles?
- 1) its absence wil lcreat a specific deficiency disease
- 2) the body cannot manufacture it in sufficient amounts and must receive it from its diet
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What two polyunsaturated fatty acids are considered essential to be consumed?
Omega-6 and Omega-3
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Omega-6 is found in?
Vegetable oils
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Omega-3 is found in?
Soybean, canola, and flaxseed oil
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The body is capable of producing?
- Saturated fatty acids
- Monounsaturated fatty acids
- Cholesterol
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Hydrogenated fats are considered?
Trans-fatty acids
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Major vehicles for lipid transport in the blood stream, are combination of triglycerides, protein, and fat-related substances?
Lipoproteins
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Fat is insoluble in water, and blood is mainly water, thus fat needs?
A water-soluble carrier (wrapping the fat in a covering of protein)
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The higher the protein load...
the higher the lipoprotein's density (HDLs), which carry free cholesterol from body tissues to liver for breakdown and excretion
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The higher the fat load...
the lower the lipoprotein's denisty (LDLs) which carry fat and cholesterol to cells
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Triglyceride derivatives that has both a "water fearing" and "water loving" molecule?
Phospholipids
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Molecule containing both hydrophilic and hydrophobic groups?
Amphophilic
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Produced by the liver, is a key building block for cell membranes?
Lecithin
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Lecithin is a combination of?
Glycolipids, triglycerides, and phospholipids
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Signaling hormones exerting control over multiple functions in the body, such as the inflammatory response and immunity, and are messengers for the CNS?
Eicosanoids
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A subgroup of steroids and are amphipathic in nature?
Sterols
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A fat-related compound, synthesized only in animal tissues, and is vital to membranes and plays important role in metabolism?
Cholesterol
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Main food sources of cholesterol?
Egg yolks and organ meats (liver and kidney), as well as other meats (i.e. shellfish = high cholesterol)
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High intake of cholesterol can lead to?
Increased risk for coronary heart disease
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Excess carbohydrate and protein intake are converted into?
Stored fat
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Dietary triglycerides supply the body with?
Essential fatty acids
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Fat stored in various fatty areas throughout the body?
Adipose tissue
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This supports and protects vital organs, and regulates body temperature, protects nerve fibers, and helps relay nerve impulses?
Adipose tissue
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This forms the fatty center of cell membranes?
Fat
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Proteins are embedded in the fatty center of cell membranes, allowing?
Transport of various nutrient material in and out of cells
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Predominant supply of saturated fats comes from?
Animal sources (meat fats, dairy fats and products, and egg yolk)
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What are a good source of polyunsaturated essential fatty acids?
Fish oils
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What supply mostly monounsaturated and polyunsaturated fats?
Plant foods (mainly vegetable oils)
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Obvious (visible) fats include?
Butter, margarine, separate cream, salad oils and dressings, lard, shortening, meat fat, etc.
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Less visible fats include?
Cheese, cream portion of homogenized milk, egg yolk, nuts, seeds, olives, avocados, and lean meat
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When foods are eaten, some initial fat breakdown may begin in the mouth by the action of?
Lingual lipase
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Little fat digestion occurs in the stomach, except with what one enzyme?
Gastric lipase
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Fat digestion occurs primarily in the?
Small intestine
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The fat coming into the duodenum stimulates the secretion of?
Cholecystokinin
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Cholecystokinin causes the gallbladder to contract, relax its opening muscle, and secrete bile into the intestine. Bile is what?
A fluid produced and secreted by the liver and transported to the gallbladder for concentration and storage
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An agent that breaks down large fat globules into smaller, uniformly distributed particles?
Emulsifier
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What is a powerful fat enzyme secreted by the pancreas?
Pancreatic lipase
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What are the final products of fat digestion to be absorbed?
Fatty acids, monoglycerides, and glycerol
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The small intestine secretes an enzyme in the intestinal juice which acts on lecithin?
Lecithinase
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Packages of free fatty acids, monoglycerides, and bile salts?
Micelles
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Once inside the intestinal cell, monoglycerides and fatty acids reform triglycerides, which are then packaged into a lipoprotein called?
Chylomicron
-
Chylomicron allows for?
absorption of fat into the lymphatic circulatory system before entering the blood circulation
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An excess of cholesterol and saturated fat in the diet has been linked to?
Atherosclerosis (blood vessel disease leadinngto to heart attacks and strokes)
-
Omega-3 fatty acids are required for normal function of?
Brain, CNS, and cell membranes
-
The fuel form of fat found in food sources are?
Triglycerides
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Once absorbed into the enterocyte, monoglycerides and fatty acids re-form triglycerides, which are then packaged into a lipoprotein called?
chylomicrons, for absoption into the lymphatic structure
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