A&P I

• Centrioles give rise to cilia and flagella.
• - only ciliated or flagellated cells have function centrioles-

• Hydrophobic - the molecule is not attracted to water's polarity
• Hydrophillic - the molecule is attracted to water due to water's polarity

It is the "basis" or precurser to steroid hormones

Cholesterol provides resilience against the bilayer tearing or bursting.

• Integral - passes through oth sides of the bilayer
• Peripheral - only embedded into one side of the bilayer

Integral proteins that identify cell type and the origin orgnism of the cell. Unique to each genetic individual. Called glycoproteins due to the protein having a sugar-based portion attahed to it. MHC (Major Histocompatibility Complex) Antigens are and example.

• These are both types of attachment sites in cells.
• integrins - attach to extracellular proteins
• cadherins - join cells to other cells
• - tight junctions - prevents any fluid from squeezing between the cells
• - gap junctions - allow ions to flow between cells and coordinates contraction of the heart muscle

• Leak
• Gated

• These channel proteins are permanently open.
• - substances that can fit through them are constantly passing through them -

• Gated proteins either open or close in response to stimuli.
• - Voltage gated : electrical timuli causes opening or closing
• - Chemically gated : some molecule or ion causes the gate to open when the molecule or ion binds to the protein
• - Mechanically gated : some force or physical contact causes channel to open or close
• - Light gated : Found in eye's rods and cones. Light causes channel to open or close.

• Carrier proteins change their shape due to some stimuli. Always integral proteins.
• Involved in:
• - Facilitated Diffusion (passive)
• - Secondary Active Diffusion (Active;requires energy)
• - Primary Active Diffusion (Active; requires energy)

• A ligand is a molecule or ion that bonds to a protein and cause a change in the protein.
• - typically seen in carrier or receptor proteins -

Conformational Change

A protein that reacts to a ligand but does not move the ligand across the phospholipid bilayer

Enzymes that are embedded in the bilayer

• The net movement of microscopic particles from an area of High particle concentration to an area of Low particle concentration.
• -small non-polar molecules can diffuse through channels or bilayer itself
• -large non-polar molecules can only go through the bilayer

The net movement of H₂O molecules across a selectively permeable membrane from and area of Low solute concentration to an area of High solute concentration

the amount of force or pressure required to prevent or stop osmosis

• Average body cell is 0.9% solute
• - for every 100mL of solution, there is 0.9g or solute -

Whaen a cell breaks or ruptures

the point where net movement of a substance is no longer greater in any particular direction. Movement still occurs, thee is just no net movement

• -Diffusion is any movement down a concentration gradient w/o assistance.
• -Facilitated diffusion only happens across cell membranes as it needs carrier proteins to happen

• - Facilitated Diffusion
• - Primary Active Transport
• - Secondary Active Transport

• -Diffusion that occurs through an integral carrier protein.
• -follows the concentration from area of high to low
• -No ATP is required for facilitated diffusion to occur

• -primary active transport utilizes integral carrier proteins
• -it requires ATP as an energy source
• -there are only four known primary active transport proteins

An enzyme that hydrolyzes ATP to release energy that typically causes a conformational change in the enzyme

• - Na+,K+ ATPase (Sodium Potassium Pump) : Extremely important and found in all cells
• - H+ ATPase : Found only in the plasma membrane of intercalated cells of the kidneys. Pumps H+ out of the cell and into the kidney tubules
• - H+,K+ ATPase : Found onl in the plasma membrane of parietal cells of the stomach lining. Pumps H+ out of cells and into stomach lumen. Pumps K+ into cells from the stomach lumen.
• - Ca²⁺ ATPase : found only in the membrane of the sarcoplasmic reticulum of muscle cells. Pumps Ca²⁺ into sarcoplasmic reticulum from cytoplasm.