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Organic compounds contain what elements?
Always C, usually H, sometimes O, S, N, P or halogen
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Covalent Bonds
b/twn C and another atom by sharing one or more pairs of electrons
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Ionic Bonds
Transfer of 1 or more electrons form 1 atom to another; electrostatic
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Polarity of organic compounds
Mostly covalent nonpolar
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Melting & boiling point of organic compounds
Both low
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Flammability of organic compounds
High
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Solubility in water of organic compounds
Not soluable
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Elements found in inorganic compounds
Most metals and nonmetals
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Polarity of inorganic compounds
Ionic or polar covalent
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Melting & boiling point of inorganic compounds
High
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Flammability of inorganic compounds
Low
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Solubility of inorganic compounds
Soluble
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Hydrocarbon
Consists of only and H & C. Simplest is methane.
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Alkanes
Hydrocarbons connected via single bond. Usually fuels. Adds �ane ending.
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Molecular Formula for Alkanes
CnH2n+2
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Cycloalkanes
Cyclic alkanes with 2 fewer H atoms.
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Molecular Formula for Cycloalkanes
CnH2n
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Substituent
Branch or sidechain added to a C of an alkane
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Isomer
Two compounds with the same molecular formula but different arrangement of atoms.
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Alkyl group
A carbon branch missing one H atom.
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Fl-, Cl-, Br-, I-
Fluro, chloro, bromo, iodo
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3 steps of naming and alkane
- 1. find longest chain
- 2. Number atoms starting closest to substituent.
- 3. Give number and name of subtituent as prefix to alkane.
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Haloalkane
Halogen atom replaces H in an alkane.
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Solubility & density of alkanes
Insoluble, less dense then water.
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Melting & boiling points of alkanes
Lowest of all organic compounds. Increases with more Carbon atoms
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Flammability of Alkanes
Flammable in Air
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Alkanes with 1-4 Carbons Atoms are
Gases at room temp and used as heating fuels
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Alkanes with 5-8 Carbons are
Liquids, very volatile, used for gas
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Alkanes with 9-17 Carbons are
Liquids, have higher BOs, kerosene, diesel, and jest fuels
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Alkanes with 18+ Carbons are
Waxy Solids to coat fruits
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BP of branched alkanes
Lower than straight chain
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BP of cycloAlkane
Higher than straight chains.
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Bond Angles and Shapes of Alkanes
109.5 degrees tetrahedral
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Crude Oil
Separated by different BPs
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Combustion of Alkanes
- Alkane reacts with oxygen & makes carbon dioxide and water and energy.
- Alkane + O2 = CO2 + H2O
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Halogenation of Aklanes
- Cl, Br, I or Fl replaces an H. Light or heat is required
- CH3-CH3 + Cl2 = CH3-CH2-Cl + HCl
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Uses of Halogentated Alkanes
Solvents, anesthetics, hair sprays, paints, refridgerants
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Functional Groups
Groups that replace a H that are classifies in families that behave a certain way
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Saturated Hydrocarbons
Alkanes and cycloalkanes
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Unsaturated Hydrocarbons
Akenes, Alkynes, and Aromatic Compounds
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Alkene
Double Bonded Carbon Atoms, -ene ending
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Bond Angles of Alkenes
120 degrees, planar
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Bond angles of Alkynes
180 degrees, planar and linear
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Alkynes
Triple bond between C atoms, -yne ending
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Simplest Alkene
Ethene, C2H4, used in ripening fruits
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Rules for naming multiple double & triple bonds
Must have 2 #s and must use prefix �di, -tri, etc in front of �ene or �yne
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Cis & Trans Isomers
Occur in alkenes when different groups are attached to the double bond. They do not exist is a C atom is attached to identical groups.
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Cis Isomers
Groups are on the SAME side of double bond
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Trans Isomers
Groups are on DIFFERENT sides of double bond
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Rules for naming Cis/Trans Isomers
Prefix �cis or �trans is places in front of location numbers
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Pheromone
A chemical messenger emitted by insects
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Addition Reactions in Alkenes & Alkynes do what and occur how
Reactants add to C atoms in the double/triple bond b/c the bonds are easily broken which makes them very reactive
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Catalysts
Speed up reactions but don�t become part of the product
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Hydrogenation
Breaks double bond & Adds H2. Uses Platinum or Nickle as catalyst
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Hydrogenation of Oils
Created higher melting points and are solids at room temp like margarine or shortening.
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Halogenation
Breaks double bond & adds a Halide (Br, Cl, Fl, I)
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When testing for unsaturation, adding bromine to an alkane does what?
Red color remains
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When testing for unsaturation, adding bromine to an alkene or alkyne does what?
Red color disappears
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Hydrohalogenation
Bonds break & add H and a halogen (+HCl)
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Markovnikov�s Rule is used when?
When and unsymmestrical alkens undergoes hydrohalogenation & Hydration.
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Markovnikov�s Rule
C with mmore H bonded to it gets the additional H. �the rich get richer�
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Hydration
Bond breaks and H2O is added. An acid catalyst is required. H bonds to one C and �OH bonds to the other C.
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Aromatic Compounds
Contain Benzene rings
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Benzene Ring
Has 6 electrons shared equally among C atoms. Has alternating double/single bonds
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Prefixes for when 2 groups are on a benzene ring
Ortho, meta, para
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Reaction properties of aromatics
Very stable & resistant to addition reactions. Only undergo substitution
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Nitration
When a nitro group (-HNO2) replaces H on a benzene ring. NO2 as a substituent & + H2O
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Sulfonation
When �SO3H replaces H on a benzene ring. SO3H as a substituent
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Halogenation of benzene
H is replaced by halogen and produces +HCl
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Contain hydroxyl group (-OH).
Alcohols
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Gives an �ol ending
Alcohols
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The C atom in an alcohol that has the �OH attached to it.
Carbonyl Carbon
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Classifications of Alcohols
Classified as the number of CH groups bonded to carbonyl carbon. Primary, Secondary, Tertiary
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CH3-OH IUPAC name and & common name
Mehanol & Methyl alcohol
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CH3-CH2-OH IUPAC name & common name
Ethanol & Ethyl Alchol
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Contain a �SH group
Thiols
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How to name a Thiol
Add thiol to the alkane end
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Thiol Properties & uses
Have strong odors, used to detect gas leaks, found in onions & garlic. Used in anesthetics
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Contains an �O between two carbon groups
Ether (has a COC)
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Rules for Simple Ether names
Add alkyl group name in alpha order followed by ether
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Contains an O in the carbonring
Cyclic ether
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Heterocyclic Compound
When not all atoms in ring are C atoms. Ex: Cyclic ethers
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IUPAC rules for naming Ethers
Shorter alkyl group becomes alkoxy groups (CH3-OH = ethoxy)
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Simple Rules for naming Ethers
Name both groups on sides of �O and add ether to end
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Boiling Points of Alcohols
Have higher BPs than alkanes & ethers b/c of H bonds
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Boiling Points of Ethers
Similar to Alkanes b/c no H bonds
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Solubility of Alcohols
With 4 or less C atoms, more soluble in water than alkanes.
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Solubilty of Ethers
More soluble in water than alkanes
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Solubility of Phenol
Soluble in water b/c it is a weak acid
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Combustion of Alcohol
First, get molecular formula, then + O2 to produce CO2 & H20 then balance equation
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Dehydration of Alchols
Loss of �H & -OH from neighboring Carbons to form H20
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Saytzeff�s Rule
When dehydrating alcohols, Take H from C with least H attached to it. �poor get poorer�
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An alcohol with heat indicates what?
Dehydration
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Ethers form when ___ takes place
Dehydration
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Oxidation causes ___ of H atoms
Loss (oil rig)
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Reduction causes ___ of H atoms
Gain (oil rig)
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OILRIG
Oxidation is loss, reduction is gain
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When Oxidation of Primary & Secondary Alcohol, where do you remove H atoms
Remove one H from carbonyl carbon and one H from �OH group to form + H20
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Product of Oxidation of primary alcohols
Aldehyde + H2O
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Product of Oxidation of Secondary Alcohols
Ketone + H20
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Tertiary alcohols ____ oxidize
Do NOT b/c no H directly attached to C
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Effects of Ethanol
Depressant, metabolized at a rate of 12-15mg/dL per hour or 30mg by alcoholic
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A carbonyl group attached to one H atom
Aldehyde
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Carbonyl Group
C double bonded to an O
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A Carbonyl group attached to two carbon atoms
Ketone
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Aldehydes occur where in chains?
On the end
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Ketones occur where in chains
In the middle
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Named by adding �al to end
Aldehyde
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Common name for aldehyde with 1C
Form- followed by aldehyde
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Common name for aldehyde with 2C
Acet- followed by aldehyde
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Common name for aldehyde with 3C
Propion- followed by aldehyde
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Common name for aldehyde with 4C
Butyr- followed by aldehyde
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Propanal or propionaldehyde
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Butyraldehyde common name
Butanal
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Common uses of aldehydes
Flavorings & fragrances
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IUPAC named with �one ending
Ketone
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Common uses of Ketones
Acetone, butter flavoring
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Polar carbonyl groups are found in what 2 functional groups
Aldehydes and ketones
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Polar carbonyl groups provide ___ interactions
Dipole-dipole
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Polar Carbonyl group consists of what atoms w/ what charges
C+ and O-
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Boiling Points of Aldehydes & Ketones
Higher than alkanes & ethers, lower than alcohols
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As carbon Chains increase what else increases
Boiling Points
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As carbon chains increases what happens to solubility
Decreases
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Carbonyl compounds with 5 or more C are ___ soluble
Slightly or not very
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Solubility of Aldehydes & ketones & why
Soluable in water, O- atoms form H bonds
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Order of increasing boiling points
Alkanes, ethers, aldehydes & ketones, alcohols
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Aldehydes are oxidized to ___ & further to_____
Carboxylic acids and ketones
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Tollens Test involves what reagent & result
Ag+ gives mirror coating
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Tollens Test & Benedicts test oxidizes ___ but not ___
Aldehydes, not ketones
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Benedicts Test uses what reagent & result
Cu2+ and turns from blue to red
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Tollens Test & Benedicts test oxidizes ____ to ____
Aldehydes to carboxcylic acids.
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Benedicts Test gives a positive to compounds that have ___ groups next to the aldehyde group.
-OH groups
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Reduction of Aldehydes
Breaks double bond + H2.
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Aldehydes reduce to _____
Primary Alcohols.
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Ketones reduce to _____
Secondary Alcohols
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In addition of Water to Aldehydes or ketones the H bonds to ___ and the OH bonds to ___
-O of carbonyl group, C of carbonyl group
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Acetals are the products of two ____
Alcohols
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Acetals are produced from what two functional groups
Aldehydes and Ketones
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Hemiacetals are produced when 1 ____ add to carbonyl or aldehyde or ketone.
Alcohol
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When the C-O and �OH of a chain bend and form a stable six-atom ring its called a ___
Cyclic Hemiacetal
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When a Carbon atom has 4 different atoms arranged differently in space
Chiral
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The carbon located in the center of 4 atoms or groups of atoms
Chiral carbon
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When a Carbon atom has 4 atoms, with at least 2 the same, arranged differently in space
Achiral
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Chiral compounds have ______ mirror images
Nonsuperimposable
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Examples of a chiral compound
Anything with handedness (shoes, gloves, etc)
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Mirror images are referred to as ____isomers
Steroisomers
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When stereoisomers as nonsuperimposable, each isomer is called an ___.
Enantiomer
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The Fischer projection places which group at the top?
The most oxidized
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A 2-dimensional representation of a molecule is called ____.
A fischer projection
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Vertical line bonds indicates bonds that go ____.
back
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Horizontal Line bonds indicates bonds that go ____.
Forward
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D & L configuration are dependant on the placement of the ___ group.
-OH
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When two Chiral carbons are present, the chiral carbon ____ from oxidized end tells D&L configuration
Furthest away
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