PBD Exam 2

Inflammatory response is____

Cardinal signs of inflammation

Warm or hot

Cold (chronic)

Neutrophils

Eosinophils

Lymphocyte

Monocyte

Macrophage important in antigen processing Via release of

Basophils

Platelets

Platelets generate_____

Chemical mediators in acute inflammation:

Activate inflammatory response in two ways

Preformed material- Histamine

Histamine receptors (3)

Histamine increases influx of____ in the ______

Eosinophils have certain enzymes...

_______ breaks down leukotrienes and ______ breaks down histamines.

Synthesized material from Arachidonic acid

Cox-1 is _______ while Cox-2 is _______

PGI₂ is produced by_____

Cox-1 plays a large role in ________

PGI₂ are _______ that _______ and inhibit platelets and are bronch_______

PGD₂ is made mainly from ________ and ______ platelet aggregation and are broncho______.

PGE₂ is made mainly from ______

PGE2 inflammatory responses include______,_____,and _____

PGE₂ inhibitory effects to inflammatory response...

Thromboxanes cause vaso______ and promote degranulation and ________ of platelets. They also induce smooth muscle ______.

Leukotrienes-lipoxygenase enzyme- ______ airway response to Broncho______. They also _______ release of cytokines.

LTA4, LTB4, LTC4 are ______ substances of______. along with LTD4, LTE4, LTF4.

Platelet activating factor important in delayed stages of asthma, why?

Cytokines are __ produced constitutively, but are ______ de nova upon activation.

On the target cell, Cytokines act on _________ receptors.

Interleukins are mainly produced by _____ and ______. They induce response of immune cells to injury.

Glucocorticoids and gold inhibit

Interferon are produced in response to ____ stimuli and are all ___ specific but not viral specific.

Transforming growth factor

Tumor necrosis factor increase ______ production which increases _____ activity. It also _____angiogenisis.

Granulocyte colony stimulating factor plays a major role in _____ production and maturation.

Plasma proteins cascades (5)

Complement

Clotting forms fibrinous exudate to _____ exudates, microorganisms, and foreign bodies.

____ is the end product of clotting and uses _____ as the major enzyme.

Fibrinolytic generates ______ and activates ______. It also breaks down clots.

Kinin system activates complement and works with ____ and ____ receptors.

Immune system ______ mast cell degranulation. It is activated when ____-_____ complex forms.

Hageman factor activates these systems (4)

Venules leak fluid and protein (_____g%) compared to (0.2-0.5g% in transudate)

3 steps in leukocyte infiltration "blood sludging"

Purpose of exudate is to carry_______ to site. May contain ______ and stop spread of inflammation.

2 stages of healing

____cells constantly divide while _____cells stop dividing when growth ceases. _____ cells are non-dividing and post mitotic cells.

granulation tissue is rich in ______.

Reconstructive (proliferative or fibroblastic phase). Wound is sealed by _____ which is then dissolved by _______ system and _____ tissue is formed.

Cells migrate under the clot to _____ the clot from the wound surface.

Macrophages in reconstruction

Wound contraction occurs via _______ of granulation tissue.

Maturation phase of repair occurs ___ weeks after injury and usually left with a _______ scar.

Granuloma formation begins when macrophages differentiate into ______ cells.

Necrosis and _____ are common at site of chronic inflammation

Glucocorticoids cause atrophy of lymph tissue, influences _____ response, _____ protein synthesis, inhibit _____ proliferation, and inhibits the healing process.

Pyrogens are ______ or endogenous (IL-1) released from damaged tissue.

Benefits of fever

Conditions increasing WBC (3)

Viral infections ____ lymphocytes and _____ # of neutrophils.

C-reactive protein is synthesized in liver in response to ____

Normal levels of C-reactive protein

Normal ESR

Neutropenia (below ____-2000 cells)
Agranulocytosis (<___ cells)
Leukopenia (<4000 cells in an adult)

Disorders of chemotaxis are ____ and ______

Deficiencies of chemotactic factors due to complement deficiences C_ and C_. High levels of Chemostatic Factor inactivators high in _______ disease.

Chronic Granulomatous Disease

In CGD the neutrophil is incapable of destroying _________ bacteria (staph).

Immune system can not respond if the molecular weight of foreign material is less than ______

______ can not be immunogenic alone, they must bind to more than one Antibody to form the ____ complex.

Properies of immune system (3)

Effector phase in immune response has 2 components a _____response and a _____ response

Induction phase involves production of __ and __ cells

B-system (Humoral) is _____ of the thymus and is most effective in the ____ phase of the blood and tissue.

Five classes of antibodies are

T-system is thymus ___ and has a much more _____ response to B-system.

Lymphocytes in T system do not need to be ______ to kill foreign cells or other bad things.

Types of hypersensitivity (4)

Brutons agammaglobuniemia is ______ and has a deficit in ___

Digeorges syndrome is due to cellular ______ Deficiency and has the absence of the _____ and the ____.

SCID is condition with stiking _____.... absence of ____ immune systems.

Wiskott aldrich system is _____ and cannot respond to polysaccharide antigens. Triad of ____ present, _______ due to platelt deficiency, and recurrent infection.

Autoimmunity is most likely due to loss of __________

Foreign anitgen forming immune complex is a Type _ injury.

Rheumatic fever is an example of _____ reactivity.

T-cell suppressor function _____ with age.

Type 1 diabetes---------------------------->
Addisons disease--------------------------->
Thyrotoxicosis (graves disease)----------->
Hashimotos thyroiditis-------------------->

Graves disease is _______ whereas Hashimotos is ________.

Malignant hypertension characterized by high incidence of increase in antibodies directed against the _____________________.

Antibodies against the _____________ may play causal role in dilated cardiomyopathy.

Asthmatic patients may have Inhibitor antibodies to the ______ adrenoreceptor

Hashimotos hypothyroidism is an example of what type(s) of injury?

Lupus is greater in females because _____ enhance the immune response and _______ depress the immune response.

In Lupus patients must pass _____ different diagnostic criteria to be diagnosed.

three types of joints are _______, _______, and _______.

Synovium is made of 2 layers _____ and _____

Synovial fluid is composed of _______acid which lubricates joints.

Mucin clot test adds ______Acid to _______ acid. With inflammation the clot formed is ______ than normal and is cloudier.

Non-inflammatory joint disease has near normal _________

Osteoarthritis characterized mainly by loss of __________ in synovial joints

Osteoarthritis primary is _______ and not assosciated with risk factors however aging is most assosciated factor.

Secondary osteoarthritis is assosicated with ________ such as joint stress and trauma.

Articulating cartilage becomes yellowish gray due to more water and less _________. The loss of _________ is the hallmark for osteoarthritic process.

Rheumatoid arthritis is a chronic _____________ disease. Characterized by inflammation of multiple joints and have ___________ of collagen. Occurs in women more frequently than men.

A combination of _____ and ____ are responsible for Rheumatoid arthristis. No signle agent is responsible.

Rheumatoid factor bind and form complex in blood. This is a type __ injury.

Synovial fluid comprised of ___ which phagocytize and release many mediators including __.

Synovial membrane transforms into a _____ which is rich with enzymes that cause cartilage and bone destruction.

Proteases are released from monocytes and macrophages for Bone ______.

_______ is due to diminished blood flow and causes ______ which stimulates release of hydrolytic enzymes which cause even more damage.

Rheumatoid arthritis is characterized by ________ polyarthritis and morning stiffness for ____ than 30 minutes.

Ankylosed joints

RF is not present in __% of patients with RA.

Synovial fluid viscosity is _____ with RA due to more leukocytes. In order for diagnosis to be made, must pass _ of _ diagnostic criteria.

Gout is due to synthesis of _______ nucleotides resulting in elevated levels of ______.

Primary form of gout is ______ recessive and diagnosed mainly in ___.

Nyhan syndrome is ______ recessive and results in _______ of uric acid.

In gout, increased activity of PRPP synthetase is an _______ disorder which causes ______.

deficiency in Glucose-6-phosphate is a _____ recessive disorder causing _______ uric acid clearance.

Normal uric acid levels are ______.... with gout _______

Less leukocyte function is ___ for people with gout.

acute gouty arthritis 90% of intial attacks start in a ___ joint.

Intractitical gout the patient is seen to be __________.

Chronic Tophaceous gout, patients form a _____ which have ______ crystals inside.

Gout can result in ________ caused by kidney stones.

Gout lessons to learn... dont be ____, dont do ____, and dont drink too much _____.

Diagnosis of gout can be by presence of monosodium __________ in leukocytes found in the _____ fluid. Or urate crystals found in _____.

The ______ surrounds the skeletal muscle which consists of several _____ surrounded by the ______. Inside each __2___ there are many muscle fibers known as ______ which are surrounded by the _______.

In muscles the ____ is known as the cell membrane and the ______ ________ is the smooth ER.

In the sliding filament model the _____ binds to the actin. This process requires energy in the form of ___.

Sources of ATP for Muscle contraction include ______ phosphate, _________, and ________.

Sustained lack of ATP results in _______

____ of calcium from the sarcoplasmic reticulum is essential for muscle contraction and the _______ of calcium from the _______ is essential for muscle relaxation.

A motor unit is a single ________ neuron and all of the muscle fibers it innervates.

Motor endplate is

Latent period is the time between an ______ and the first measurable increase in _________.

Isometic contraction the _____ is constant even though the muscle develops _____.

Isotonic contraction can be either ________ or _______.

Tetanus is a _______ contraction in response to a repetitive stimulation. It can be ____ or _____.

___________ are small specialized motor neurons that innervate intrafusal muscle fibers.

The withdrawal reflex is split up into two movements: ______ and ______. An example of the withdrawal response involves a ___________ reflex.

In smooth muscles thin filaments are anchored to _________. There are also no _____ in smooth muscle and they are ________.

In smooth muscle there is a _____ removal of cytosolic calcium. There is also an absent of the _____, less specialized ______.

In smooth muscle input can either be _______ or _______.

smooth muscles are electically coupled by ________.

Multi unit smooth muscle fibers are not connected by ______.

Contractile responses in smooth muscle can be activated by _______.

Most multi-unit smooth muscle cells do not generate their own ___________.