mel

entrance/exit of air into/out of lungs

Exchange of gases between air and blood

Exchnage of gases between blood and tissue fluid

Production of ATP in cells

4 types of Respiration

As air moves in through the airways it is _____, _______, and _______

In the air ways, the cilia beat upwards moving mucus, dust and occastional food bits upward to be expelled.
True False

______ is commonly known as the throat and has 3 parts

_____ is the nasal cavity opening aboe the soft palate

_____ oral cavity opening

______ opens to the larynx

tonsils contain _____ tht protect against inhaled foreign pathogens

_____ is commonly known as the voice box

loudness of the voice is due to the _______

The degree to which the vocal cords vibrate

____ is commonly known as the windpipe

the trachea divides into right and left _______, which lead to the lungs

Trachea
Primary Bronchi
Secondary Bronchi
Bronchioles
Alveoli
True False

The _____ lung has 3 lobes and the _____ lung has 2 lobes

The ____ lung has fewer lobes to make room for the heart that lies on the _____ of the body

O₂ diffuses across the alveolar wall and enters the bloodstream, while CO₂ diffuses from the blood into the aveoli
True False

Gas exchange occurs between the air in the ______ and blood in the capillaries

____ is a film of lipoprotein that lowers the surface tension and prevents them from closing

______ is the small amount of air that moves in and out with each breath when we are relaxed

____ is the maximum volume of air that can be moved in plus moved out during a single breath

______ is even after deep exhalation some air remains in the lungs, this air is no longer useful for gas exchange

Some of the inhaled air never reaches the lungs, but instead it fills the nasal cavities, trachea, bronchi, and bronchioles
True False

_____ is located in the medulla oblongata of the brain

_____ is active phase of breathing

diaphragm and rib muscles contract
intrapleural pressure decreases
lungs expand
air comes in

the respiratory center stops sending neuronal signals
diaphragm and rib cage resume normal shape and pressure
air is forced out

Gas exchange between air and blood

CO₂ will diffuse from the blood into the alveoli of the lungs

O₂ diffuses from the alveoli into blood

Gas exchange between blood and tissues

O₂ diffuses out of blood and into the tissues

CO₂ diffuses from the tissues into the blood

Strep throat is a bacterial infection caused by _________

______ is an infection of the cranial sinuses
______ develops when nasal congrestion blocks tiny openings leading to the sinuses

_____ is a viral or bacterial infection of the lungs where the bronchi and alveoli fill with thick fluid

_____ is a chronic and incurable disorder where the aveoli are distended and their walls damaged so that surface area available for gas exchange is reduced

______ is a disease of the bronchi and bronchiles that is marked by wheezing, breathlessness, cough, and expectorant

4 stages of lung cancer

Chewed food is called _____

_____ pushes food along the digestive tract
(a rhythmic contraction)

______ begins digesting starch

Gastric juice contains the enzyme ______, as well as ______, and _____

Digestive protein is known as _____

_____ causes the stomach's acidity-- important because acidity kills most bacteria found in food

_____ doesn't digest food; breaks down connective tissue in meat and activates pepsin

Alcohol is absorbed in the stomach, but food is NOT
True False

When the food leaves the stomach it is a thick, soupy liquid called ______

_____ emulsifies fat (causes fat droplets to disperse in H₂O)

_____ is neutralized in the small intestine by sodium bicarbonate

_____ in the small intestine complete the process of food digestion

Functions of the small intestine

_____ greatly increase the surface area for absorption of nutrients

The large intestine functions

____ are small growths arising from the colon lining

_____ is caused by infection (food poisoning) and nervous stimulation

______ is when feces are dry and hard

Accessory organs to the digestive system

_____ is the largest gland in the body

____ is inflamation of the liver, occurs in many forms

Hep A- sewage water
Hep B- sexual contact
Hep C- infected blood

Liver has amazing regenerative powers
True False

Pancreatic juices contain ____ and ______

Bile is produced in the _____ and is stored in the ______

6 types of nutrients

The 4 functions of nutrients

_____ carries cholesterol from the liver to the cells and is thought of as "bad"

______ carries cholesterol to the liver where it is converted into bile salts and is thought of as "good"

Vitamins C, E, and A are examples of _______

The functions of antioxidants

Lack of vitamin D causes _____

Lack of vitamin C causes _____

Lack of niacin causes _____

_____ is binge eating then purging

______ is a morbid fear of gaining weight

_____ is when the body weight is 20% above normal

_____ is absolutely essential to healthly life
need at least one

_____ moves urine within the ureters

_____ helps regulate H₂O and pH levels in the body

The bladder can hold up to ____ ml of urine

When the ____ are closed, urination does not take place

in females the reproductive and urinary systems are not connected
True False

Females' urethra is _____ cm long

Males' urethra is ____ cm long

The reproduction and urinary systems are connected
True False

During the production of urine, the kindeys ____

_____ is the primary nitrogenous product of metabolism

Ammonia is very toxic to the cells

The kidneys are involved in the regulating of blood pressure

______ produce urine

Urine formation is divided into three steps

When Na⁺ ions are reabsorbed, Cl⁺ ions follow (water follow)

NaCl (salt) reabsorption causes H₂O to move from the nephron to the blood

_____ reabsorbs H₂O

_____ is the increased amount of urine (more water)
_____ is the decreased amount of urine

If ADH is present
more H₂O reabsorbed
decreased amount to urine
True False

Salt reabsorption increases blood pressure
True False

_____ stimulates adrenal glad to release aldosterone

______ promotes Na⁺ reabsorption

ANH is secreted by the heart when there is increased blood volume

ALcohol inhibits ADH secretionand causes diuresis

Caffeine is a diuretic; it decreases reasorption of Na ⁺

Urethritis - infection of the urethra
Cystitis - bladder infection
Pyelonephritis - kidney infection
Uremia - wastes accumulate in the blood

_____ are chemical signals that affet the activity of other glands or tissues

Know glands

Hormones are usually controlled in 2 ways

_____ helps to control heartbeat, body temperature, water balance

Posterior pituitary releases ADH and oxytocin, both of which are produced in the hypothalamus

_____ stimulates the thyroid to produce thyroid hormones

______ stimulates the adrenal cortex to produce cortisol

______ stimulates the gonads to produce gametes and sex hormones

_____ cause mammary glands to develop and produce milk

_____ causes skin color changes in fish, lower levels in humans

_____ promotes skeletal and muscular growth

6 hormones are produced in the pituitary gland

The amount of growth hormone (GH) produced during childhood affects the height of an individual
True False

Parathyroid glands

_____ causes the blood phosphate level to decrease and Ca levels in the blood to increase

The antagonistic actions of ______ and ______ maintain the blood Ca level within normal range

_____ has low levels of adrenal cortex hormones

_____ has high levels of adrenal cortex hormones

____ lowers blood glucose level; promotes formation of glycogen

____ raises blood glucose level; stimulates liver to break down glycogen to glucose

Insulin and glucagon maintain normal levels of blood glucose

Type I diabetes

Type II diabetes

_____ are receptors on the membrane

_____ enters the cells freely
Act slower
Last longer

____ is a foreign substance that stimulates the immune system to produce antibodies

_____ is protein produced by the body in response to an antigen

_____ is the ability to react to antigens so that the body remains free of disease

_____ is a state of homeostatic imbalance

There are 4 types of nonspecific defenses

B Cells produce antibodies
T Cells don'd produce antibodies

B Cells characteristics

If B cells react to "self" they will die
If they can attack a foreign cell they leave the thymus

____ have constant regions that are set and variable regions that vary

Binds pathogens, activates compliment (most common)

immediate allergic response and parasitic infections

T Cells characteristics

____ immunity is dependent on the presence of memory cells

Active Immunity (chicken pox)

____ signaling molecules that regulate white blood cell formation and function

3 activites of microbes that are useful to humans

_____ digest compounds that are otherwise indigestible
(bacteria that live in large intestine)

______ are microbes that cause disease

Virulence factors allow microbes to be pathogens by conferring abililty to:

Example of where toxins go bad:

Systemic diseases are more serious than local ones
True False

There are 4 modes of transmission

A disease that occurs worldwide

Outside a living cell, viruses are nonliving particles
inside a host cell, viruses replicate

_____ is certain viruses can remain dormant in a cell until triggered by environmental factors

6 steps of replication

Surface of the flu contains 2 antigens on its spikes

Herpes Type I

Herpes Type II

Varicella-zoster Herpes

Bacteria can be single cells or arranged in clusters or chains

Most bacteria are either _____ (rods) or ______ (spheres)

_______ causes a greater variety of diseases than any other bacteria

_____ causes food poisoning, that grows inside intestines

_____ produces a toxin that is the most toxic substance on earth

_____ is a yeast that causes the widest variety of fungal infections (yeast infections)

_____ is most common H₂O born diarrheal disease in the US; caused by Giardia

The exchange between blood and tissues refers to which type of respiration?

The loudness of your voice is due to the ______, the degree to which the vocal cords vibrate.

The trachea divides into 2 _______ that lead to the lungs.

During external respiration, CO₂ diffuses from the blood into the aveoli, while O₂ diffuses from the alveoli into the blood
True False

A viral or bacterial infection of the lungs where the bronchi and alveoli fill with thick fluid is called ______

The microvilli of the small intestine are for ____

Pancreatic juice contains _____

LDL carries cholesterol from the liver to the cells and is thought of as "bad"
True False

_______ is an eating disorder in which the body weight is 20% above the normal, and contributing factors can be gentic, hormonal, metabolic, and social

The bladder can normally hold up to _____ ml of urine

Sphincters at the base of the bladder must be closed in order for urination not to take place.
True False

______ is the primary nitrogenous end product of metabolism

Functions of the kidneys

If antidiuretic hormone (ADH) is present there is _____ amount of urine

T cells produce antibodies
True False

Which pathogens secretes a toxin that prevents muscle relaxation and suffocation, also known as tetanus

Which of the following disease categories would affect the most people

Which of the following causes food poisoning and grows in the intestines for several days prior to onset of symptoms

The hypothalamus regulates the internal enviroment by helping to control ______

Which of the following hormones causes the mammary gland to develop and produce milk

______ causes blood phosphate levels to decrease and blood Ca levels to increase and is secreted from the parathyroid glands; it works antagonistically with calcitonin to homoeostatic Ca levels

Low levels of adrenal hormones results in ______

The ______ gland produces the hormone melatonin, which is involved in the ciradian rhythms