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•Description of, history of, and relationship between human languages
- •how a language is formed, how it works, the history and development of language, and its relationship to other aspects of culture
- •Language structure and how words reflect perception of the world
- –Ethnolinguistics
- –Sociolinguistics
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Anthropology
The study of humankind in all times and all places using holistic approach.
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Biological/ Physical anthropology
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•The study of humans as organisms
- •Paleoanthropology
- –evolution, studies humans as biological beings both in the present and the past, including biological adaptation to environment and genetic variation
- •Primatology – the study of living or fossil primates (Jane Goodall, Diane Fossey)
- •Forensic Anthropology – identification of human remains for legal purposes
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•The systematic study of the remains of previous cultures as a means of reconstructing the life ways of people who lived in the past
- •Spans ca. 6 million years to present
- •Examines artifacts, ecofacts, settlements, settlement patterns, lithics, features
- •Prehistoric archaeology
- •Historic archaeology
- •Cultural Resource Management (CRM)
- •Emphasis on material culture
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•Studies people in the present as culture producers
- •Aims to understand diversity of human behavior, thoughts, and feelings (i.e., cultural variation)
- •Researches cultural differences
- •Overlap with other fields
- •“Culture” is the central concept and is what sets us apart from other species
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•A theory about culture
- •Institutions and beliefs are integrated in a particular pattern
- •Culture cannot be determined or explained by the sum of its component parts alone
- •Culture is dynamic
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•Collect primary data in natural field settings
- •Make connection with culture outside of the laboratory
- –Investigate, analyze, open up to understanding
- –Each sub-discipline has specific fieldwork techniques
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Look for connections between single aspects of culture…
- –Methodological approach of comparing data
- –Not ranking cultures as better than or worse than but describing differences
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Cultural Relativism
any culture must be viewed within the context of that culture
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Ethonocentricism
making value judgments of a culture by comparing it your own culture
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-The use of anthropological knowledge and methods to solve practical problems, often for a specific client.
-Reaches into all sub-disciplines of Anthropology
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–A conventional term used to refer to the period of time before the appearance of written records.
–Does not deny the existence of history, merely of written history.
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History
After writen records
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Paleoanthropologist
study fossil remains to understand the processes at work in human biological evolution
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Artifacts
are objects fashioned or altered by humans, such as a flint chip, a pottery vessel, or a house.
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•are natural items that were used in some cultural way by a humans.
- –Shell middens
- –Refuse pits
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•are non-portable artifacts
- –Stains
- –Buildings
- –Hearths
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•Context has to do with place and association among archaeological items and the situation in which they occur.
- –At a basic level, context concerns relationships among artifacts.
- –In a broader sense, context is the physical setting, location, and association of artifacts and features.
- –Context is essential for learning about age, use, and meaning.
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•One of the primary processes affecting the formation of an archaeological site is preservation.
- –Once objects and features are present in the ground the forces of nature initiate a process of decay and decomposition.
- –Archaeologists normally find only a tiny proportion of the total material culture that was present in the past.
- –One of the most important conditions for preservation is moisture.
- –Inorganic materials typically survive much longer than organic material.
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•More than 150 specialists have been examining all aspects of Ötzi the Iceman.
- –Most of the internal organs, as well as the eyeballs, are intact.
- –Found remains of his last meal.
- –Analysis of pollen in the stomach contents indicates he died between March and June.
- –The Iceman was approximately 50 years old at the time of his death.
- Found between Italy and Austria, preserved for 6000
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