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appendicular skeleton
126 bones, appendages, pectoral and pelvic girdles.
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Pectoral (shoulder) Girdle
- clavicle (anterior)-collar bone
- scapula (posterior)-shoulder blade
- connect at acromio-clavicular joint
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Humerus
- long bone, round head fits into glenoid cavity of scapula
- ulna connects at coronoid fossa (anterior) and olecranon fossa (posterior)
- radius connects at radial fossa (anterior)
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Radius
lateral when in anatomical position (palms out)
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Ulna
medial in anatomical position (palms out)
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metacarpals
- bones of palm.
- 1-5 starting at thumb side (pollex)
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phalanges
- bones of fingers
- fingers have 3 bones each (proximal, mid, distal)
- thumb has 2 (proximal, distal)
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Coxal bones
- Ilium- large flaring bone, major portion of coxal bone
- Pubis- pubic bone. most anterior
- Ischium- "sit-down" bone, most inferior and posterior portion
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male v female pelvis
- male-pubic angle/arch 50-60* (more acute), sacrum-narrow, more curved, pelvic inlet-heart shaped
- female-pubic angle/arch 80-90* (more obtuse), sacrum-wider, less curved; pelvic inlet-oval shaped
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Femur
- thigh bone
- articulates with hip via acetabulum of pelvis
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Patella
- knee cap
- sesamoid bone, enclosed in quadricep tendon.
- protects knee joint and improves leverage of thigh muscles
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Tibia
- shin bone
- larger/more medial
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Fibula
- thin, sticklike
- distal end-lateral malleolus (bulge in ankle)
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Tarsals
- 7 bones of foot, include
- calcaneus- heel bone
- talus- superior to calcaneus, connects to articular surface of tibia
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Metatarsals
- 5 bones
- form instep/arch of foot
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Phalanges
toe bones, 14 total
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Synovial joints
- articulating bone ends are separated by a joint cavity containing synovial fluid
- articular cartilage- hyaline cartilae covering surfaces of bones forming joint
- joint capsule (cavity)- cavity around joint containing synovial fluid
- synovial membrane- membrane around joint cavity
- articular capsule- connective tissue surrounding synovial membrane
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plane joint
- intercarpal/intertarsal joints
- flat or slightly curved articular surfaces
- allow sliding movements
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hinge joint
- elbow joint, interphalangeal joint
- rounded process of one bone fits into concave surface of another
- allows movement in one plane (uniaxial) flexion/extension
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pivot joint
- proximal radio-ulnar joint, C1-C2 joint
- rounded surface of one bone-shallow depression or foramen in another
- allows uniaxial rotation
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condyloid joint
- radiocarpal joint, knuckles
- allow biaxial (two-way) movement
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saddle joint
- thumb-metacarpal joint
- allow biaxial movement
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ball and socket joint
- shoulder joint, hip joint
- allow multiaxial movement
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flexion
- decreases the angle of the joint
- reduces distance between the two bones
- hinge, ball and socket joints
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extension
- increases the angle of a joint
- increases distance between the two bones
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abduction
movement of a limb away from the midline (median)
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adduction
movement of a limb toward midline (median)
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rotation
- movement of a bone around its longitudinal axis
- atlas (C1) around odontoid process of axis (C2)
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circumduction
- ball and socket
- proximal end stationary, distal end moves in circle
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pronation
- palm of hand anterior to posterior facing
- radius rotates over ulna
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supination
- palm of hand posterior to anterior
- radius and ulna parellel
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inversion
sole of foot rotates to medial
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eversion
sole of foot rotates laterally
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dorsiflexion
- ankle joint moves in dorsal direction
- standing on heel
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plantar flexion
- ankle joint moves so foot flexes downward
- standing on toes
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