Psychology Chapter 4

• Everything we are aware of at any given time:
• thoughts
• feelings
• sensations
• external stimuli

• -Regular fluctuations of certain bodily functions within a 24 hour period
• -Environmental cues: bright light (sunlight), sleep-wakefulness cycle, daily fluctuations of body temperature

Hard time falling asleep, brought on by hormal changes, maintained by staying up late, common among adolescents and young adults

Fall asleep early

Energy & efficiency are at the lowest points, reaction time is slow, productivity is diminished, accident rates are higher

Being awake produces wear & tear on body & brain, & sleep serves the function of restoring the body & brain

Non-rapid eye movement sleep

Rapid eye movement; also called "active sleep"

• Internally
• -intense brain activity
• -brain temperature rises rapidly
• -increase in blood pressure & respiration

• Externally
• -large muscles become paralyzed
• -eyes dart around
• -dreaming occurs in 80% of people
• -brain consolidates learning and memory

Last about 90 minutes

Transition between period of drowsiness between waking & sleeping

Increased amount of REM sleep that occurs after REM depression

Associated with unpleasant dreams and nightmares

Difficulty concentrating, attention lapses, general irritability, decreased cognitive function, impaired learning

Have longest sleep time, stay in REM longest

Sleep and wake the same time daily

Sleep patterns influenced by schedule, sleep longer when no schedule conflicts, poor sleep contributes to poor school performance

Continually occuring dreams, story like qualities, more vivid, visual, emotional

Less frequent, less memorable

Individual is aware of dreaming and able to influence content

Believed that our dreams satisfy unconscious sexual and agressive desires

Content dream as recalled by the dreamer

Meaning of the dream

Dreams are seen as an expression of a broad range of dreamers concerns rather than sexual impulses

Sleep is the brains attempt to make sense of the random firing of brain cells during sleep; impose meaning on mental activity

Occurs during partial arousal from stage 4 sleep

Partial arousal from stage 4 sleep; begins with piercing scream; hard to wake up

Frightening dreams that happen during REM sleep

Occur during any stage of sleep; more frequent among children

Incurable, excessive daytime sleepiness & uncontrollable attacks of REM sleep

Periods during sleep when breathing stops; individual must wake up briefly to breathe

Difficulty falling asleep/staying asleep, waking up too early, sleep that is light, restless or poor quality

Focus attention on a word or object; block out all distractions; alter consciousness; helps with psychological and physical problems- lowers blood pressure; learn how to control emotions

A procedure where the hypnotists uses the power of suggestion to induce changes in a persons: thoughts, feelings, sensations, perceptions and behavior

Only 5% can reach the deepest level

False

False

Suggests that the behavior of a hypnotized person is a function of that persons expectations about how subjects behave under hypnosis

Religious rites & tribal ceremonies

Any substance that has powerful effects on the brain and alters the consciousness, mood, perception & thought

Illegal drugs

Acts a reward, motivational effects; produced by psychoactive drugs

Chemicals in the brain with pain relieving properties are affected; produce feelings of well- being

Alcohol, barbituates, tranquilizers (valium & librium)

Caffeine, nicotine, amphetamines, cocaine; supress hunger & digestion - "diet pills"

Affect the parts of the brain that control attention & concentration

Continue to use drugs even though it has a negative effect on you

Addiction

Compulsive pattern of drug use: drug tolerance, unpleasant withdrawal symptoms

Craving or irresistable urge for the drugs pleasurable affects; harder to overcome that physical addiction

Physical and psychological symptoms that occur when drugs are discontinued; opposite effects are produced by the drug

Speed up activity in the central nervous system, supresses appetite, "feel" more awake and energetic, called "uppers"

Improves visual activity, withdrawal: nervousness, instability, headaches, decreased alertness

• Increases alertness, highly addictive
• Nicotine patches help 1 in 5 smokers quit

Increase arousal, supresses appetite, rush of energy, helps with ADHD, can cause manic behavior and paranoia

Can be sniffed, injected, or smoked (crack)

Main withdrawal symptoms: unable to feel pleasure, desire for more drug

Depresses central nervous system, poor coordination, impaired death perception, decreses the ability to form new memories, expectations affect how alcohol affects you

Abusers become: drowsy & confused, thinking & judgement suffer, coordination & reflexes suffer, fatal when taken with alcohol

Abuse associated with temporary/permanent impairment of memory

Derived from opiate poppy, refer to pain medications, withdrawal symptoms: 6 to 24 hours, nausea, diahrrea, depression, stomach cramps, insomnia, increased pain

Remains in body for days/weeks; interferes with memory; can be used for glaucoma, AIDS & cancer

• - aka"acid"
• - a "trip" lasts 10-12 hours, bad trips associated with accidents, death, suicide