Psych Chapter 1

• 1856-1939
• worked with psychoanalysis
• Studied the unconscious determinants of behaviour

• 1846-1924
• contributed to the rapid growth of psychology in America
• established the first research laboratory 1883, America’s first psychology journal, 1892 driving force between APA establishment

• Highlighted the importance of physiological and neuropsychological perspectives
• Paved the way for the recent cognitive revolution
• Emphasized the importance of the brain in psychology
• Suggested that repeated stimulation leads to the development of cell assemblies, and that these resemble cognitive unites that facilitate behaviour

his work influenced functionalism [purpose of consciousness]

• Canadian at McGill University
• She made crucial contributions to our understanding of memory
• one of the founders of neuropsychology in Canada

• 1902-1987
• argued that human behaviour is governed primarily by each individual’s sense of self

• President of APA in 1997
• Realized approach of psychology was overly negative and started the positive psychology movement
• Uses theory and research to better understand the positive, adaptive, creative, and fulfilling aspects of human existence

• 1904-1990
• philosophy of radical behaviourism
• organisms tend to repeat responses that lead to positive outcomes, and they tend not to repeat responses that lead to neutral or negative outcomes
• free will is an illusion, people are controlled by environment

• 1878 – 1958
• founded behaviourism, a theoretical orientation based on the premise that scientific psychology should study only observable behaviour

• 1832-1920
• campaigned to make psychology a discipline rather than a stepchild of philosophy or physiology [founder of psychology]
• studied consciousness, psychology was the study of consciousness at this time
• The original founder of structuralism, based on the notion that the task of psychology is to analyze consciousness into its basic elements and investigate how these elements are related

• philosophy and physiology
• both had interest in the mind

• 1879
• Leipzig, Germany
• Wilhelm Wundt = founder
• psychology became the study of consciousness

• psychology should use introspection to analyze consciousness into its basic elements
• Founded by Edward Titchener

• William James = founder
• psychology should focus on the purpose and adaptive functions of consciousness

• John B. Watson
• psychology should study only observable behaviour
• redefined psychology as the study of behaviour
• Emphasizing the importance of the environment over heredity, they began to explore stimulus-response relationships, often using lab animals

emphasized the unconscious determinants of behaviour and the importance of sexuality.

Skinner emphasized observable behaviour, and he generated controversy by arguing that free will is an illusion

• 1950s, not satisfied with behaviourism or psychoanalysis
• led by Abraham Maslow and Carl Rogers
• emphasized humans’ freedom and potential for personal growth

• 1891
• University of Toronto
• James Mark Baldwin

• influenced by WW2
• clinical psychology grew rapidly in 1950s
• Psychology became a profession as well as a science. This movement toward professionalization eventually spread to other areas in psychology

1950's - 1960's

• by growing global interdependence
• increased cultural diversity in the Western world

• 1990s, new theoretical perspective
• thought is that patterns of behaviour are shaped by natural selection

positive psychology movement

• developmental
• social
• experimental
• physiological
• cognitive
• personality
• and psychometrics

• clinical psychology
• counseling psychology
• educational and school
• industrial and organizational

• psychology is empirical
• psychology is theoretically diverse
• psychology evolves in a sociohistorical context
• behaviour is determined by multiple causes
• behaviour is shaped by cultural heritage
• heredity and environment jointly influence behaviour
• people's experience of the world is highly subjective

• the use of cognitive skills and strategies that increase the probability of a desirable outcome
• it is purposeful, reasoned thinking
• a critical thinker is flexible, persistent, able to admit mistakes, and mindful of the thinking process

heritable characteristics that provide a survival/reproductive advantage are more likely than alternative characteristics to be passed to generations and thus become "selected" over time

any detectable input from the environment, stimulus-response psychology

demonstrated stimulus-response before Watson by training dogs to salivate at the sound of a tone

• created by Freud
• psychoanalytic theory attempts to explain personality motivation, and mental disorders by focusing on unconscious determinants of behaviour

• John B. Watson
• Ivan Pavlov
• B.F. Skinner

• Sigmund Freud
• Carl Jung
• Alfred Adler

• Jean Piaget
• Noam Chomsky
• Herbert Simon

only observable events can be studied scientifically [stimulus-response]

unconscious motives and experiences in early childhood govern personality/mental disorder

human behaviour cannot be fully understood without how people acquire, store, and process info

• carl rogers
• abraham maslow

• james olds
• roger sperry
• david hubel
• torsten wiesel

• David Buss
• Martin Daly
• Margo Wilson
• Leda Cosmides
• John Tosby

• humans are free, rational beings with potential for personal growth
• they are different from animals

an organism's functioning can be explained in terms of the bodily structures and biochemical processes that underlie behaviour

behaviour patterns have evolved to solve adaptive problems; natural selection favours behaviours that enhance reproductive success

1939

a branch of psychology concerned with everyday, practical problems

a branch of psychology concerned with diagnosis and treatment of problems/disorders

the mental processes involved in acquiring knowledge

includes developmental, clinical, personality, and social psychology now that they've taken greater interest

concerned with how info concerning our brain and its connection to behaviour is used

• 1. cross-cultural research is costly, difficult, and time consuming
• 2. some psych's worry that cultural comparisons will lead to stereotypes
• 3. ethnocentrism - the tendency to view ones own group as superior to others

• 1. positive subjective experiences
• 2. positive individual traits
• 3. positive institutions and communities

the science that studies behaviour and the physiological and cognitive processes that underly it, and it is the profession that applies the accumulated knowledge of this science to practical problems

• developmental
• social
• experimental
• physiological
• cognitive
• personality
• psychometrics

• evaluation
• diagnosis
• treatment
• disorders
• treat less sever behaviour and emotional problems
• interviewing
• psych testing
• providing psychotherapy

• overlaps with clinical
• interviewing, and testing
• providing therapy
• different clientele
• assist strugglers with everyday problems of medium severity
• specialize in family, marital or career help

• improve curriculum design
• achievemnt testing
• teacher training
• educational processes
• work in elementary or secondary schools
• test/counsel children having difficulties
• aid teachers and parents in solving problems

• business and industry
• improve staff morale/attitudes
• increase job satisfaction/productivity
• examine organizational structure/procedures
• make recommendations for improvement

• both are involved with analyzing/treating psychological disorders
• training/education = VERY DIFFERENT
• Psychiatry is a branch of medicine concerned with the diagnosis and treatment of psychological problems and disorders
• psychology is a non-medical approach

• a study system designed to promote effective reading, which includes five steps:
• survey
• question
• read
• recite
• review