History

Landed on the Mexican coast and overthrew the Aztec empire in 2 years

spanish catholic priest who had participated in the plunder of cuba but suffered a crisis of consience and renounced conquest

first conquistador to try to attempt to expand spanish conquest

commander that lost most of his men in a shipwreck

published an account of his adventures in which he told of a north american empire known as cibola

landed in 1539 in florida with a cuban army that stole food and slaves from mississippi settlers

a 1494 arrangement between spain and portugal. the pope helped and stuff and it told where the dividing line was in south america

reformation that began when martin luther in 1517 publicized his differences with rome

supported catholic church until refusal of annulment and formed the anglican church

calvin's french followers

fort that don pedro menendez founded

genoan navigator that reached new england in 1497

explored the st. lawrence and established france's imperial claim to the lands of canada

rose to the throne when sister died, outlawed catholocism but tried to end religious turmoil by being tolerant

argued that new world colonies would be populated by loiterers and vagabonds

sent by elizabeth to subdue irish and make farm settlements

spanish king who got mad that england was taking his countrys land

130 ships with 30,000 men that attacked the british isles

a revolt of more than 20 indian towns against the spanish, led by pope (popay) of san juan pueblo

an agent of the royal canadian company. helped establish the outpost of port royal. three years later he founded quebec

first permanent french settlement in north america

fur trade commander who navigated the mississippi to its mouth on the gulf of mexico and claimed its entire watershed for france

issued royal charters for the colonization of the mid atlantic region to english joint stock companies

raised capital by selling shares

group of london investors that sent ships to the temperate latitudes of chesapeake bay, where they established jamestown

first permanent english settlement in north america

powerful leader of a confederacy of algonquin tribes

jamestown's military leader

winter of 1609-1610. john smith left. out of 500 only 60 colonists lived by the end of the winter.

pocahontas' brother who succeeded powhatan

leading settler of jamestown who married pocahontas. figured out how to grow tobacco

included representatives of virginia's buroughs. first elective assemply in the new world

important supporters of monarchy. set up maryland, a refuge for catholics. passed the first toleraction act in the new world.

granted to king's friends as a business venture. proprieter appointed governor. setup law courts, collected taxes, allowed some self govt, offered bounties

people who contracted to labor for a mster for a fixed term, in exchange for the cost of their transportation to the new world.

leader of the puritans. preached predestination

religion formed by john calvin, wished to purify and reform the english church from within

james's son and successor. puritans criticized him for supporting high church policies

english separitists, belived that the anglican church was so corrupt that they must establish their own independant church. sailed to america on the mayflower in september 1620

first instance of local govt in the new world. signed by the pilgrims

leader of the local tribe of wampanoags. offered food and advice in return for an alliance with the newcomers against his enemies.

interpreter in the negotiations between the pilgrims and the wampanoags

first governer of new england

puritan emigration to massachusetts

leader of england who took over after king charles died. tried to make england a puritan country

massachusetts wife and mother; first published poet of new england

twenty people were tried, condemned, and executed for witchcraft in 1693

led his followers west of the connecticut river and founded the town of hartford

marked the beginning of the colony of connecticut. first written constitution in the new world.

came to new england in 1631 to take up duties for the congregation in salem. believed in religious toleration. founded rhode island colony

led religious discussion groups that criticized boston ministers for a lack of piety. was kicked out then died to indians.

established several proprietory colonies in north america. restored to the throne after cromwell died

extended from the trading town of albany down the hudson, to the island city of new amsterdam

where the swedes settled n stuff

new amsterdam, renamed this, when charles appointed it to his brother james, duke of york

society of friends. believed in equality of all people

made pennsylvania a religious haven for quakers

convinced that his people must break their alliance with plymouth and take up armed resistance. aka king phillip

began a concerted effort to strengthen royal control of colonies. (dominion of new england)

est by james 2 bc he wanted more control over colonies. turned ny, ne, nj into a super-colony. took away charters and self gov't

royal governer of the dominion of new england. americans hated him

king james 2 was removed from power. allowed americans to get rid of dominion of new england

german merchant who tried to take over new york

native to america, thus born into slavery

endured shock at their homes being torn apart by slavery

middle part of the triangle from england to africa, africa to america, and america to england. voyage slaves made

young south carolina woman who successfully adapted west indian indigo to the low climate

georgia's leader that helped to establish abuffer against spanish invasion from florida.

country born slaves

2 most important dialects of the slaves. creole languages

runaway slaves. means "wild & untamed"

slave uprising. slaves rebelled and killed 30 people. stopped to celebrade in a field but got caught and killed

slaves gathered together killed 9 colonists; most killed themselves.. others were hanged and burnned n stuff

trade sytem where raw goods from the colonies are transported to mother country. mother country produces manufactured goods, makes colonies buy them back. colonies are not allowed to trade w/ anyone else

began the long struggle for colonial supremacy in north america that was not concluded until 1763

a conflict that pitted great britain and its allies against france and spain

great britain and france fought in acadia and nova scotia.

created to try and enforce trade regulations. was not enforced by britain too good

england forbade colonial maufactue of wool hats and iron

any colonial rules and regulations deemed contrary to good business practice were simply ignored and not enforced

placed a prohibitive duty on sugar products brought from forien colonies to north america

belief that one race is superior to another

went from ca, az, nm, all the way over to florida. furthest outreach of the spanish in the americas

spanish military posts that would be in the borderlands

president of the missions in baja

used to convert indians

french stamps on the north american landscape stretching back from the rivers that provided each settler family a share of good bottomaldn to farm as well as frontage on the waterways

french for mestizo

system of town and church government. like a lil village with the church in the middle

allowed other protestand denominations to worship openly. passed by parliament in 1700

beyond the first range of the appalachian highlands; northern reaches of the great valley, which extended southwest from pennsylvania into virginia. very rugged area where like irish n scottsirish ppl settled

white people of all ranks held a great gathering that included public business, horse racing, and perhaps a bbq.

an apprentice would go from apprentice->journeyman->master->artisan then he could open his own shop

families without means of travel who arranged with the ships owner to pay their passage on arrival in north america

what a servent might recieve if he or she endured intentured servitude. might include a suit of clothes, tools, money, sometimes land

espanoles

persons of mixed backround

homeless people who travelled from town to town looking for work or a handout

governed new spain with a viceroy

leader in mexico city. representative of spanish king in colonies

idea that the universe was governed by natural laws that people could understand and apply to their own advantage

articulated a philosophy of reason in proposing that the state existed to provide for the happiness and security of individuals. his ideas are found in the declaration of independance

almanac written by ben franklin. contained enlightenment ideas

an agreement that members children who had not experienced conversion themselves could join as halfway members of the puritan church

beleif that god had predetermined who would go to heaven

belief that god had given the freedom to choose salvation by developing their faith and good works

sparked a movement challenging the enlightenment's rationalist approach to religion

many colonists were brought back to protestantism

great global war for empire. started in america

convened by officials of the british board of trade who wanted the colonies to consider an collective response to the continuing conflict with new france and the indians of the interior.

ben franklin's idea. proposed that everything of mutual interest to the colonies be placed under the authority of a grand council composed of representatives electedby the colonial assemblys and led by a royally appointed president. rejected by the colonial assemblies

fortress from where france guarded its fishing grounds and the st lawrence approach to new france. captured by colonists but then england sold it back

young militia officer from virginia. was forced to surrender his troops to a french force near the headwaters of the mononguahela river

french built it at the forks of ohio and named for the governer of french canada. where the french canadians now commanded the interior country from

general who led two irish regiments across the atlantic in 1755 to attack and destroy fort duquesne

acadians who ended up settling in louisiana under spanish control

pittsburgh is named after this guy

british force took control of fort duquesne, renaming it this

epic battle on the plains of abraham before the city's walla. the british prevailed over quebec's defenders. more than 2000 british french american and canadians lost their lives

british general who ordered his troops to plunder farms and shell the city of quebec. lost his life in the battle of quebec

french commander who lost his life in the battle of quebec

signed in 1763. france lost all its possessions on the north american mainland

british military governer/general who banned resents to indian chiefs and tribes, demanding that they learn to live without charity

ottowa chief, renouned as an orator and political leader

indian visionary neolin. taught that indians had been corrupted by european ways and needed to purify themselves by returning to their traditions and preparing for a holy war

said that the land west of the appalachian mountains was indian territory for the time being

dunmore provoked a frontier war w/ the shawnees then forced their cession of the ohio river valley and virginia

nyc editor who was indicted for seditious libel after printing antigovernment articles

people from england who were like political philosophers. believed people should be able to vote

declared that the truly just society provided the greatest possible liberty to individuals. must limit gov / no such thing as absolute power

chancellor of the exchequer. decided to obtain the needed expenses of the french&indian war from america and pushed through parliament an act known as the sugar act

placed a prohibitive duty on sugar imported into the colonies and revitalizsed the customs service, introducing stricter registration procedures for ships and adding more officers. first act to raise money (all others were to control trade)

court where customs cases were heard. did not have jurys

a tax on all paper goods. affected lawyers printers and taver owners. had to be paid in hard money. came during a period of economic stagnation

members of parliament were thought to represent not just their districts but all districts of the empire

direct relationship that must exist between the people and their political representatives

an associate and friend of james otis who had made his career in local politics

encouraged moderate forms of protest

met in ny; said you cant tax us, GB! you cant control our trade and we're gonna boycott you !!!!! no taxation without representation etc.

parliaments assertion of its full authority to make laws binding the colonies "in all cases whatsoever"

chancellor of exchequer who asked for b.franklin's opinion on taxes

wrote influential articles that were printed in nearly every colonial newspaper

new and strengthened. sent to make sure that the americans paid the townsend duties. but townsend did not pay them a salaray. became very corrupt and accused everyone of smuggling to make more money

groups of women who supported all of the actions of the patriots

people who stood up to the british for our rights; the representatives that voted 92-17 to defy the english governer

appointed to communicate with other towns regarding what the british were doing to take away american's rights

gave the british east india company a monopoly on all imports of tea in the americas

sons of liberty dumped 150,000 dollars worth of tea into the boston harbor

calculated to punish massachusetts and strengthen the british hand

legalized the housing of british troops in private homes

created a highly centralized govt for canada; made catholocism official rel; gave back land that the french lost in the frenchindian war

included samuel adams, john adams, george washington, patrick henry. met originally to figure out what to do about the intolerable acts. decided on boycotts.

look over functions of local governments throughout colonies

alerted the militia that the british were coming.

first battles of the revolutionary war

written by john dickenson; americans professed their attatchment to king george and begged him to prevent further hostilities so that there might be an accomodation

bloodiest battle of american revolution. british lost 1/8 of their officers. fought at breeds hill

general who had replaced Gage. fled to nova scotia with 1000 american loyalists

alienated the planter class by promising freedom to any slave who would fight with the british

written by thomas paine. a pamphlet .. n stuff.. first outright call for independance

where washington and the continental army stayed for winter quarters

army that was enlisted and paid by the continental congress under the command of g.washington

armed body of men drawn from local communities. citizen soldiers defender their own states. usually didnt travel far from their own states

published a series of satires supporting the american cause and scorning the loyalists

americans who remained loyal to the british crown. 20 percent of pop.

hero of the early battles of the revolution; but later became a traitor

head of the british army in nyc; evacuated philidelphia

merceneries from germany who faught for the british

washington and continental army were trapped. john glover and fishing fleed removed the entire army

hessian headquarters. washington defeated them here in a suprise attack on christmas night

inflicted heavy losses in the british; drove them back to nyc

where burgoyne's army was surrounded by a considerably larger force of americans. turning point of the american revolution because france openly became our allys

where the british outflanked the americans, inflicting heavy casualties and forcing a retreat

french foreing minister

last major battle in the north; was a draw

led a large number of cherokees in the summer of 1776 to attack dozens of american settlements

virginian who countered indian attacks by organizing an expedition of militia forces against the french towns in the illinois county

last royal governor of virginia who issued a proclamation calling on slaves to desert their masters and take up arms with the british

most significant american defeat in the war

appointed to succeed gates after the disaster at camden. picked cornwallis's army to pieces

commander of the british; surrendured at yorktown

french landed 5000 troops at newport under him, and in 1781 he risked joining his force to washington's continentals north of newyork

16,000 american and rench troops converged on less than 8000 british. cornwallis opted to give up. final battle of the american revolution

first written constitution of the united states. first formal govt

one of the country's wealthiest merchants. became superintendant of finance in may 1781, was trying to fix the economy

a series of seperate agreements among the us, gb, france, and spain. signed at versailles. gb acknowlegded independance, allowed us to fish in newfoundland, spain got florida etc

greatest achievement of the confederation governments. provided for the physical development of western land. divided them into townships so they could be sold

(add-a-state-plan) congress established a system of government for the territory north of the ohio

wealthy planter and brilliant political philosopher; wrote the virginia declaration of rights in june 1776

one of the most accomplished mathematics and astronomers of late 18th century america. helped to build washington dc

female slave who published poetry

new york lawyer who had served during the revolution; advocated a strong central government

wanted a strong central government

meeting to talk about trade problems. 5/13 states showed up

introduced a set of purely federal principles known as the new jersey plan

slaves would be counted as 3/5 of a free man

each state would select a slate of electors equal in number to the states total representation in the house and state

supporters of the new constitution

people who opposed the new constitution