ch 7 axial skeletal system.txt

bones around the longitudinal axis, consisting of skull bones, sternum, vertebral column, hyoid bone, auditory ossicles

bones of the upper and lower limbs, and the bones forming the girdles that connect to axial skeleton, consisting of PECTORAL girdle, PELVIC girdle, tibia, fibula, ulna, radius, humerus, femur, c(t)arpals, metac(t)arpals, phalanges

• long
• short
• flat
• irregular

femur, tibia, fibula, humerus, ulna, radius, phalanges

• cube shaped, nearly equal in length
• ie: carpals, tarsals

cranial, sternum, scapulae

vertebrae, hip bones, some facial bones, calcaneus

• depressions and openings: allow for blood vessles and nerves or form joints
• processes: serve as attachment points for ligaments and tendons

• fissure: narrow slit b/w adjacent parts of bones, ie superior orbital fissure of sphenoid bone
• foramen: opening thru which blood vessels, nerves or ligaments pass, ie optic foramen of the sphenoid bone
• meatus: tubelike opening, ie external auditory meatus of the temporal lobe

• condyle: large round protuberances at end of the bone, ie large condyle of the femur
• facet: smooth flat articular surface, ie superior articular facet of a vertebra
• head: round articular projection supported on the neck, ie head of the femur

• epicondyle: projection ABOVE a condyle
• head, ie medial epicondyle of the femur
• crest: ridge or elongated projection, ie iliac crest of the hip bone
• spinous process: sharp, slender projection, ie spinous process of the vertebra
• tuberosity: large rounded roughened prjection, ie ischial tuberosity of the hip bone

• 22 bones
• 8 cranal bones forming the cranal cavity
• 14 facial bones form the face

• 8 bones that form the cranial cavity:
• 2 temporal bones
• 2 parietal bones
• frontal bone
• occipital bone
• sphenoid bone
• ethmoid bone

• 14 bones form the face:
• 2 nasal bones
• 2 maxillae
• 2 zygomatic bones
• 2 lacrimal
• mandible
• 2 palatine bones
• 2 inferior nasal conchae
• vomer

• cranial cavity
• nasal cavity
• paranasal sinuses
• orbits (eye sockets)
• small cavities involved in hearing and equil.

• fuse most skull bones together
• squamous suture: b/w temporal and parietal bones
• coronal suture: b/w frontal and parietal bones
• lambdoid suture: b/w parietal and occipital bones

styloid process is the 'sticking out' looking bone, and mastoid process is posterior to that, more of a rounded protrusion. all part of the temporal lobe

• the nasal septum divides the interior of the nasal cavity into right and left sides
• a broken nose, most of the time, refers to septal damage rather than the bones themselves

• cavities w/in cranial and facial bones
• secretions produced by the mucous membranes which line the sinuses, drain into the nasal cavity

• areas of unossified tissue, at birth usually called 'soft spots'
• eventually replaced w/bone & become sutures

• doesn't articulate with any other bone
• provides support and attachment for tongue, neck muscles and pharynx
• helps keep larynx (voice box) open at all times

• curved to increase column strength and maintain balance
• absorbs shock
• 7 CERVICAL bones in the neck region
• 12 THORACIC behind thoracic cavity
• 5 LUMBAR support lower back
• 1 sacrum, has five fused sacral vertebrae
• 1 coccyx

• kyphosis: extra curvature of the thoracic cavity - hunchback
• lordosis: extra curvature of lumbar region - can be due to beer gut
• scoliosis: lateral curvature - can look S shaped from the back

• 1. forms strong joints
• 2. permits movements
• 3. absorbs vertical shock

• 1. vertebral arch
• 2. several processes(points of attachment for muscles)
• 3. a body

• C1-C7
• atlas is C1
• axis is C2

• T1-T12
• articulates w/the ribs

• L1-L5
• provide attachment of large back muscles

• S1-S5
• serves as a strong foundation for pelvic girdle

formed by fusion of 4 coccygeal vertebrae

• sternum
• ribs
• costal cartilages
• thoracic vertebrae

plays a role in breathing