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Pharmacology Exam 2

  1. Types of DI/ADR
    • augmented pharmacologic effect
    • Bizarre effects
    • chronic effects
    • delayed effects
    • end of treatment effects
    • failure of therapy
  2. Chronic effect example
    • reversible
    • hairloss due to drug
  3. Delayed effect example
    • damage to DNA caused by chemo which later causes cancer
    • birth defects
  4. levels of severity of ADR
    • Death
    • Life-threatening
    • disability
    • congenital anomaly
  5. Prevalence of ADR
    • 2 million ADR/year
    • 100,000 deaths / year
    • 6th leading cause of death
    • 350,000 per year in nursing homes
  6. Costs associated with ADR
    • 136 billion /year
    • cost of bringing drugs to market and then having them removed due to ADR
    • increasing hospital stay, cost and mortality for ADR pts.
  7. Common Drug classes of ADR
    • Cardiac
    • Liver
  8. Drugs eliminated from development due to ADR
    38%
  9. Stages at which drug interactions occur
    • pharmacodynamics
    • pharmaceuticals
    • pharmacokinetics
  10. Pharmacodynamic
    • Antagonists/agonist competition
    • Additive/synergistic effects
    • Fluid/e- imbalance
    • Indirect interactions
  11. Pharmaceutical
    • incompatibility between two drugs
    • precipitation (physical)
    • change in the nature of the drug (chemical)
  12. Pharmacokinetic
    • Altered absorption
    • Altered distribution
    • Altered metabolism
    • Altered elimination
  13. Altered absorption (non transporter based)
    • changes in GI pH
    • chelation
    • changes in GI flora
    • change in GI motility
    • malabsorption caused by other drug
  14. Altered absorption (transporter based)
    • modulation of transporter activity (inh. or ind. by other drug)
    • polymorphisms of transporters (genetic)
    • nonlinear kinetics result
  15. P-glycoprotein inhibition
    increased plasma levels of digoxin
  16. p-glycoprotein induction
    decreases plasma digoxin
  17. Altered metabolism
    • toxic drug metabolites
    • inhibition or induction of CYP 450
    • CYP polymorphism
  18. Reason for toxic metabolite formations with drugs metabolized by CYP
    80% of drugs are metabolized by CYP
  19. induction of CYP
    • increased metabolism
    • changes efficacy
    • increases toxicity
  20. inhibition of cyp
    • decreases metabolism
    • changes efficacy
    • increases toxicity
  21. CYP304
    50%of drugs metabolized
  22. Inducers of CYP
    • ethanol
    • st. john's wart
  23. Polymorphism with no CYP2D6
    • slow metabolism
    • high drug levels
    • high risk for ADR
    • no response from some prodrugs
  24. Polymorphism with increased CYP2D6
    • too rapid metabolism
    • no drug response at normal dose
  25. Altered Excretion
    • 1-2% of DI
    • change in active excretion
    • change in biliary excretion
    • change in renal blood flow
    • change in urine pH
  26. Which of the following are examples of DI/ADR due to non-transport mediated altered absorption?




    D. change in GI pH, Chelation and GI Flora
  27. What is the most prevalent stage of DI?


    A. Pharmacokinetics (metabolism)
Author
Rx2013
ID
39012
Card Set
Pharmacology Exam 2
Description
Drug Interactions, Adverse Drug Reactions
Updated

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