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Function of Reticular Formation?
- -Integrates incoming sensory info
- -activates/arouses cerebral cortex
- -regulate muscle reflexes
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What 4 brain structures comprise the motor related areas of the cerebral cortex?
- Primary motor cortex (B4)
- Premotor cortex (B6
- Supplementary motor cortex (B6)
- Pre-supplementary motor cortex
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What is the function of the primary motor cortex?
Voluntary movement, humunculus, contralateral movement
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What does a lesion to the primary motor cortex do?
Paralysis of "ordered"/planned movement
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What is the function of the premotor cortex?
Coordination of complex movement & orientation towards target
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What happens when a lesion of the premotor cortex occurs?
No spatial awareness
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What is the function of the supplementary motor cortex
Programming of complex tasks and bilateral motions.
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What symptoms occur after a lesion of the supplementary motor cortex?
No paralysis, but a decrease in performance of complex tasks.
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What are the functions of the pre-supplementary cortex?
Initiates unconsciously, voluntary movement.
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What happens if a transection is made between the red nucleus and cerebral cortex in the rubio/reticular spinal tract?
Patient looses fine movements, but retains coarse movements.
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Name the three structures of the cerebellum involved in movement. Give their function
- -Vestibulocerebellum: Important for balance and eye movements. Allows the eye to see moving objects while moving.
- -Cerebrocerebellum: Planing and initiating voluntary movement by providing input to cortical motor areas and stores procedural memories. Also, sends info back to the cortex through the thalmus
- -Spinocerebellum: enhances muscle tone and coordinates skilled, control and correction of ongoing movements. Actively compares "orders" to actual movements.
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What is observed when a patient's spinocerebellum has been lesioned?
- Intentional tremors: only present during voluntary movement.
- Dysmetria: lack of coordination due to the inability to judge distances.
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What is the function of the thalamus?
A relay station. A synaptic integrating center for all sensory input heading to the cortex. Positively reinforces voluntary motor behavior from the cortex
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Basal ganglia?
initiation, planning, and programming of movements. inhibits muscle tone and unwanted movements. Monitor but not directly influence efferent neurons
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What are the 4 parts of the basal ganglia and what are their functions?
- -striatum: caudate nucleus and putamen.
- -globus pallidus: external and internal part. all output goes through internal g.p.
- -subthalamic nucleus
- -substantia nigra: (Parkinsons) releases dopamine and Noradrenaline/norepineephrine into striatum.
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What is the pathophysiology of Parkinson's?
degeneration of substantia nigra, raphe nuclei, locus coeruleus, and the vagus motor nucleus.
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What is are the chemical changes associated with Parkinson's?
Decrease in serotonin, dopamine, and noradrenaline. Dysfunction due to imbalance of glutamate and dopamine.
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What are the clinical manifestations (symptoms) of Parkinson's?
Slowly progressive. Most common neurological disorder. Bradykinesia= slow movement. Tremors and rigidity.
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What treatment is used for Parkinson's and why doesn't administering dopamine work?
L-dopa (precursor). Dopamine can't cross the blood:brain barrier.
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