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Shoulder Flexion
- Fulcrum: lateral aspect of the greater tubercle
- Proximal arm: parallel to the midaxillary line of the thorax
- Distal arm: lateral midline of the humerus.
- ROM: 0-180d
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Shoulder Extension
- Fulcrum: lateral aspect of the greater tubercle
- Proximal arm: parallel to the midaxillary line of the thorax
- Distal arm: lateral midline of the humerus, using the lateral epicondyle of the humerus for reference
- ROM: 0-60d
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Shoulder Abduction
- Fulcrum: close to the anterior aspect of the acromial process
- Proximal arm: parallel to the midline of the anterior aspect of the sternum
- Distal arm: anterior midline of the humerus, medial epicondyle may be a reference
- ROM: 0-180d
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Shoulder Adduction:
To neutral 0d
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Shoulder Medial Rotation
- Fulcrum: over the olecranon process
- Proximal arm: either perpendicular to or parallel with the floor
- Distal arm: with the ulna, using the olecranon and ulnar styloid for reference
- ROM: 0-80d
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Shoulder Lateral Rotation
- Fulcrum: over the olecranon process
- Proximal arm: either parallel to or perpendicular to the floor
- Distal arm: with the ulna, using the olecranon and ulnar styloid for reference
- ROM: 0-90d
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Elbow Flexion
- Fulcrum: lateral epicondyle of the humerus
- Proximal arm: lateral midline of the humerus, using the center of the acromion process as reference
- Distal arm: with the lateral midline of the radius, using the radial head and radial styloid process for reference
- ROM: 0-150d
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Elbow Extension
- Same as elbow flexion
- ROM: to neutral to 0d
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Forearm Supination
- Fulcrum: medially and just proximally to the ulnar styloid process
- Proximal arm: parallel to the anterior midline of the humerus
- Distal arm: across the ventral aspect of the forearm
- ROM: 0-90d
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Forearm pronation
- Fulcrum: laterally and proximally to the ulnar styloid process
- Proximal arm: parallel to the anterior midline of the humerus
- Distal arm: across the dorsal aspect of the forearm
- ROM: 0-90d
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Wrist Flexion
- Fulcrum: lateral aspect of the wrist over the triquetrum
- Proximal arm: with the lateral midline of the ulna, using the olecranon and ulnar styloid processes for reference
- Distal arm: the lateral midline of the fifth metacarpal
- ROM: 0-80d
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Wrist Extension
- Fulcrum: on the lateral aspect of the wrist over the triquetrum
- Proximal arm: with the lateral midline of the ulna, using the olecranon and ulnar styloid process for reference
- Distal arm: with the laterl midline of the fifth metacarpal
- ROM: 0-70d
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Wrist Radial Deviation
- * Testing Position is in 90d abduction and 90d elbow flexion for all wrist measurements
- Fulcrum: Dorsal aspect of the wrist over the capitate
- Proximal arm: with the dorsal midline of the forearm.
- Distal arm: with the dorsal midline of the third metacarpal. Do not use third phalanx as reference
- ROM: 0-20d
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Wrist Ulnar Deviation
- Fulcrum:on the dorsal aspect of the wrist over the capitate
- Proximal arm: with the dorsal midline of the forearm
- Distal arm: with the dorsal midline of the metacarpal. Do not use the thirs phalanx for reference
- ROM: 0-30d
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Hip Flexion
- Fulcrum: over the lateral aspect of the hip joint, using the greater trochanter of the femur as reference
- Proximal arm: the lateral midline of the pelvis
- Distal arm: with the lateral midline of the femur, using the lateral epicondyle as reference
- ROM: 0-120d (knee flexed), 0-80d (Knee extended)
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Hip Extension
- Fulcrum: over the lateral aspect of the hip joint, using the greater trochanter as the reference
- Proximal arm: with the lateral midline of the pelvis
- Distal arm: with the lateral midline of the femur, using the lateral epicondyle as reference
- ROM: 0-10d
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Hip Abduction
- Fulcrum: over the ASIS of the extremity being measured
- Proximal arm: with an imaginary horizontal line extending from one ASIS to the other
- Distal arm: with the anterior midline of the femur, using the midline of the patella for reference
- ROM: 0-45d
-
Hip Adduction
- *Testing position: Prone with the contralateral extremity abducted enough to provide sufficient space to complete the full ROM in adduction
- Fulcrum: over the ASIS of the extremity being measured
- Proximal arm:with an imaginary horizontal line extending from one ASIS to the other
- Distal arm: with the anterior midline of the femur, using the midline of the patella for reference
- ROM: 0-15d
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Hip Medial Rotation
- Fulcrum: over the anterior aspect of the patella
- Proximal arm: perpendicular to the floor or parallel to the supporting surface
- Distal arm: anterior midline of the lower leg, using the crest of the tibia and a point midway between the two malleoli for reference
- ROM: 0-45d
-
Hip Lateral Rotation
- Fulcrum: anterior aspect of the patella
- Proximal arm: perpendicular to the floor or parallel to the supporting surface
- Distal arm: anterior midline of the lower leg, using the crest of the tibia and a point between the two malleoli for reference
- ROM: 0-45d
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Knee Flexion
- Fulcrum: lateral epicondyle of the femur
- Proximal arm: with the lateral midline of the femur, using the greater trochanter for reference
- Distal arm: lateral midline of the fibula, using the lateral malleolus and fibular head for reference
- ROM: 0-135
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Knee Extension
- Same as Flexion
- ROM: to neutral 0d
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Ankle Dorsiflexion
- Fulcrum: lateral aspect of the lateral malleolus
- Proximal arm: lateral midline of the fibula, using the head of the fibula for reference
- Distal arm: parallel to the lateral aspect of the fifth metatarsal
- ROM: 0-10d (Knee extended); 0-20d (Knee flexed)
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Ankle Plantarflexion
- Fulcrum: lateral aspect of the lateral malleolus
- Proximal arm: lateral midline of the fibula, using the head of the fibula for reference
- Distal arm: parallel to the lateral aspect of the fifth metatarsal
- ROM: 0-50d
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