ARH 347K

Art is a primarily visual medium that serves to express an idea or evoke a response beyond the practical or functional ends.

Broad: Past events

Narrow: Written record of past events

1.Pre-Iconography



2.Iconography


3.Iconology

Form

Content

Context

Study of signs

• Technological
• Stylistic
• Iconographic

• Stratigraphic
• Spatial Distribution
• Radiocarbon dating

• Social/Cultural (Ethnography, ethnohistory, cultural ecology)
• Linguistic
• Physical (Biological, cognitive)
• [Archaeology]

continued reuse of visual forms and their meanings

the adoption of preceding forms into contemporary setting; or, conversely, the application of contemporary meaning onto older forms. (1960)

• •Came over on a number of expeditions
• •Went to Panama, which made it a center of trade
• •Invited to explore Peru
• •Goes to Tumbes first
• •Brought smallpox with him to Peru, which infects the Inca ruler Huayna Capac
• -Establishes San Miguel de Piura
• -Arrives in Cajamarca November 15, 1532
• -Captures Cuzco 1533; Manco Inca to throne
• -Establishes Lima 1535

trade routes from Phillipines

"Golden Enclosure"

• Temple of the Sun--Church of Santo Domingo
• Spanish placed cathedrals on top of temples

Royal Fifth

taxation of 1/5 of all wealth from Peru to Spanish crown

Establishes Tumbes, Piura, Trujillo, and Lima

Conquers Quito,Cajamarca, and Cuzco

1532-1572

Sacred rock, mountain, site, or object

Spanish chroniclers

Looting of Ancient sites

Extirpation of Idolatry

Final Inca rebellion

Independence from Spain

First archaeological projects

Agrarian reforms

Andean studies

study of the composition and superposition of geological or cultural strata

INCA Urpu/Aryballos

Horizon style-coastal

Horizon style-highlands

Horizon style-northeast

Tiwanaku

10000-3000 BCE

3000-2000 BCE

Kotosh Religious Traditions (highlands) and Norte-Chico Complex (coast)

• 2000-900 BCE
• Cupisnique (North) and Sechin Complex (coast)

• 900-200 BCE
• Chavin de Huantar (highlands)

200-600 CE

Moche (North) and Nasca (south coast)

• 600-1000 CE
• Wari (highlands) and Tiwanaku (highlands)

• 1000-1476 CE
• Chimu (North) and Ica (South) and Pachacamac (central coast)

• 1476-1532 CE
• Inca Empire (highlands)

Early Horizon; Chavin de Huantar (highlands)

Early Intermediate Period; Moche (north) and Nazca (south)

Initial Period; Cupisnique (north)

Late Horizon; Inca empire (highlands)

Late Intermediate Period; Chimu (north) and Ica (south)

Middle Horizon; Wari (highlands) and Tiwanaku

Pre-Ceramic

• Cupisnique
• Chavín de Huántar
• Moche
• Lambayeque/Sican
• Chimu: Chimor Kingdom

• Paracas
• Nasca
• Tiwanaku
• Wari
• Inca

• Cajamarca
• Recuay
• Chachapoyas
• Ica
• Ichma
• Lima
• etc.

11500-10500 BCE

Big game hunters

10500-9000 BP

"Bison kill sites"

• 12,750 BCE
• Pre-Clovis
• 12 rooms community
• Preserved in peat

• Linguistic: glotochronology
• mtDNA haplogroups
• Dental morphology

• Lack of wheel
• Textile production
• Binary systems: dual moeity structure, symbolic dualities

Peanut, maize (corn)

Manioc (yuca)

Quinoa and potato

Coca

-Marine resources along the coast, supplemented by incipient agriculture, prompted a ‘neolithic revolution’ in the settlement and cultural development of western South America.

Sedentism

Population growth

Increase social complexity

Monumental architecture

Cotton preceramic

Huaca de los Idolos, Aspero (2900-2500 BCE)

• -Artificial mound
• -Fieldstone construction: shicra
• -Clay plastered walls
• -Rooms with wall niches
• -Remodeling: rooms filled
• -No domestic refuse
• -Graded access

• A group works together for the construction of a local huaca for the benefit of the community
• - Failure to contribute results in social sanctions

loose mesh bags of crushed sedge or cattail with stone fill; only public architecture use

• -Fosters sense of community identity
• -Creates a symbolic landscape
• -Provides central focus for community and ritual

• •“The individual is seldom visible in the archaeological record, and environmental conditions rarely preserve the material evidence of unrepeated ritual actions.”
• •“Ritual spaces are formally defined because they communicate basic information about the relations between members of society and between society and the cosmos.”

2600-2000 BCE

• •Reciprocal exchange between coast fishermen and farmers
• •Use of circular plaza

Caral: Templo de Anfiteatro

Caral: Templo Mayor

2200-1900 BCE

• Room 1: central fire pit
• Unit II: avian feather, bird remains

El Paraiso (2200-1900 BCE)

• -Circular Plazas
• -Fire pits
• -Fieldstone construction

• -Cotton (nets and textiles)
• -Bone
• -Shell
• -Gourd (containers and floats)

• -Double-headed animals
• -Stylized anthropomorphs

Rainfall agriculture (potatoes, oca, quinoa)

Hunting (deer, vicuña, guañaco)

Domesticated animals (guinea pig, llama, alpaca)

Kotosh (2400-2000 BCE)

Kotosh: Temple of Crossed Hands

Symbolic dualities-male (fig 1) and female (fig 3)

• Small enclosed chambers that generally contain:
• 1) a central firepit, 2) split-level floor, and 3) subfloor flue(s).
• Their similar design across site centers implies their use in similar ritual practices or religious beliefs.

La Galgada (2700-1500 BCE)

KRT units

• -the careful filling in of the architectural chamber units in order to build a new structure on top;
• - it provides for increasing mound elevation and site prominence

a hiding place especially for concealing and preserving provisions or implements

-Obsidian: from south highlands

- Tropical marine shells: from Ecuador

- Monkeys and Birds: forest regions?

•1- Intensive utilization of marine resources

•2- Floodplain Agriculture (irrigation)

•3- Long-Distance Trade

•[*Organized cooperation: inter-valley exchange, constructions]

a ranked society with population centers that coordinate its religious, social, and economic activities. A chiefdom is usually larger in size and population than an egalitarian society, (a band or a tribe), but it is smaller, less stratified, less centrally organized than a state (Service 1962).

minimal evidence of accumulated individual wealth but clear indications of communal or corporate activities.

evidence of marked differences in personal possessions and symbols of prestige, which greatly outweigh expressions of communal authority (burial treatment, presence of luxury trade items, etc).