william

Exercise 1: Identify different types of epithelial cells
simple squamous epithelium (or skin)
stratified squamous epithelium
(1) simple squamous epithelium – lining blood vessels
(2) stratified squamous epithelium -- lining the surface
cuboidal epithelium and columnar epithelium
(1) cuboidal epithelium -- lining glands
(2) columnar epithelium

Connective Tissue Proper:
a.) Areolar connective tissue
1. Nuclei
2. Collagen fibers
3. Ground substance
4. Fibroblasts

b.) Adipose tissue
1. Nuclei
2. Adipocytes (adipose cell)
3. Cell membrane

c.)Tendon
1. Nuclei
2. Collagen fibers
3. Fibroblasts

Supportive Connective Tissues:
a.) hyaline cartilage
1. Lacuna
2. extracellular matrix
3. Chondrocytes
4. Fibroblasts
b.) bone
1. Osteon (haversian system)
2. Osteonic canal (haversian canal, central canal)
3. Osteocytes
4. Canaliculi
5. Interstitial lamellae

Exercise 4: Identify muscle tissues under the miscroscope
a.) Skeletal muscle
1. nuclei
2. individual muscle cells
3. striations
b.) Cardiac muscle
1. nuclei
2. individual muscle cells
3. intercalated discs
4. striations
c.) Smooth muscle
1. nuclei
2. individual muscle cells

The Integumentary System
epidermis
dermis
subcutaneous tissue
dermal papillae
sweat gland
sebaceous gland
Pacinian corpuscle
Tactile corpuscle
free nerve ending
hair follicle
arrector pili

Slide 1. Finger tip (touch corpuscles) – note
keratinized layer
epidermis
dermis
subcutaneous layer
Meissner’s corpuscles
Pacinian corpuscles
melanocytes

Slide 2. Sweat glands (axilla skin) – note the location of
· gland
· duct
· pore
· myoepithelial cells

Slide 3. Human scalp – note
· hair follicles
· arrector pili muscle
· sebaceous gland

diaphysis, periosteum, epiphysis, compact bone, spongy bone, articular artilage, metaphysis, epiphyseal plate, yellow marrow, red marrow

Articulations -- Knee Joint
Knee Joint:
1. Articular surfaces:
· a) femur and tibia medial condyles
· b) femur and tibia lateral condyles
· c) femur patellar surface and patella

2. Articular cartilage (composed of hyaline cartilage)

3. Ligaments: These are more elastic than tendons, and help to prevent excessive movements at a joint. The cruciate ligaments provide anterior/posterior stabilization of the knee joint.

4. Synovial membrane: Connective tissue membrane which functions to diminish friction in the joint. Very extensive in the knee joint.


5. Bursae: These are flattened sacs of synovial membrane which enclose a little fluid (synovial). They serve to separate tissues (bone, muscle, tendon), reducing friction. The knee joint normally has twelve or thirteen bursae.

6. Menisci: These are flattened fibro-cartilaginous discs interposed between the articular cartilage surfaces of the knee joint. They serve to absorb shock in the joint, to maintain the proper apposition of the condyles, and help prevent lateral dislocation.

Muscles of Human Upper Body
A. Head and Neck
Temporalis
closes jaw (elevates mandible)

Masseter
closes jaw (elevates and retracts mandible)

Digastricus
open mouth (lowers mandible), elevates & holds hyoid during speech and swallowing

Sternocleidomastoid
if one side is contracted, rotates/tilts head sideways– “obliques” skull – tilt same side/turn opposite side; if both sides contracted, draws head forward and down; flexes neck

B. Back, Shoulder, and Chest
Trapezius
elevates, depresses, and retracts scapula; both acting together, draw head dorsally (backward)

Deltoid
abducts shoulder (humerus); (posterior deltoid-extension of shoulder; anterior deltoid flexes shoulder

Infraspinatus
lateral rotation of shoulder (humerus); horizontal abduction of humerus [shoulder]

Supraspinatus (deep)
abduction of shoulder (humerus); stabilizes shoulder joint

Latissimus dorsi
adducts and extends shoulder (humerus); rotates shoulder (humerus), draws shoulder down and backward

Pectoralis-major
flexion, adduction and medial rotation of shoulder (humerus)

C. Upper Arm (Brachium):
*Biceps brachii
flexes elbow (forearm); supination of forearm (radius/ulna) and shoulder (glenohumereal joint)

Brachialis
flexes elbow

Brachioradialis
flexes elbow

*Triceps brachii
extends elbow and shoulder (glenohumeral joint)

D. Forearm:
Flexor carpi ulnaris
flexes wrist; acts with Extensor carpi ulnaris to adduct wrist

Flexor carpi radialis
flexes and abducts wrist

Extensor carpi ulnaris
extends and adducts wrist; acts with Flexor carpi ulnaris to adduct wrist

Extensor carpi radialis longus;Extensor carpi radialis brevis
extends and abducts wrist; acts with Flexor carpi radialis to abduct wrist

A. Abdomen
Rectus abdominus
flex lumbar portion of vertebral column

Quadratus lumborum (deep)
acting together, extends spine at lumbar region; if singly, lateral flexion of spine; for gait (walking) lateral pelvic tilt ("hip hikers") maintains upright posture

Erector Spinae
Extend and lateral flexion of vertebral column.

B. Pelvic/Femoral
Gluteus maximus
extension and lateral rotation of hip (femur)

Gluteus medius
abducts and medially rotates hip (femur); steadies pelvis

Gluteus minimus
abduction and medial rotation of hip

Psoas major (deep)
flexes hip (femur)

*Sartorius
flexes, abducts and laterally rotates hip; flexes knee

Adductors (deep)A. longus, A. magnus
adduction of hip

C. Pelvic/Femoral (Quadriceps)
*Rectus femoris
flexes hip (femur); extends knee

Vastus medialis Vastus lateralis
extends knee

D. Pelvic/Femoral (Hamstrings)
*Semimembranosus
extends hip (femur); flexes knee

*Semitendinosus
extends hip (femur); flexes knee

*Biceps femoris (long head)
extends and laterally rotates hip (femur); flexes knee

*Biceps femoris (short head)
flexes knee

E. Lower Leg
Tibialis anterior
dorsiflexion and inversion of ankle (foot)

*Gastrocnemius
plantar flexes ankle (foot); flexes knee

Soleus
plantar flexes ankle (foot), steadies leg when standing

Differences between Human and Cat Muscles
1. Pectoral group:
a. Humans do not have the pectoantebrachialis and xiphihumeralis muscles.
b. In humans, pectoralis major is much larger than pectoralis minor; in cats these two muscles are roughly of equal size.

2. Trapezius group:

The three trapezius muscles in the cat (clavotrapezius, acromiotrapezius, and spinotrapezius) exist as a single muscle (trapezius ) in humans. However, the action of this muscle in humans is similar to that produced by the three muscles in the cat.

3. Deltoid group:
The three muscles which exist in the cat (acromiodeltoid, spinodeltoid, and clavodeltoid ) exist as one muscle (deltoid ) in man. Their actions are similar as well.
Identification of these three groups is not difficult when one remembers that in the cat, eight muscles radiate from the clavicle and scapula: three in the trapezius group; three in the deltoid group; and lastly, the infraspinatus and supraspinatus muscles. First try to separate the muscles into their relative groups, then identify the individual muscles.

Cat Muscle of the Upper Body (Ventral Side)
A. Head and Neck

Masseter (superficial)
elevates mandibular ramus

Mylohyoid (superficial)
raises floor of mouth

Sternomastoid (superficial)
turns head

Cleidomastoid (deep)
turns head

B. Thorax
*Clavobrachialis (or Clavodeltoid)
flexes forearm

Pectoantebrachialis
adducts forelimb

Pectoralis major
adducts forelimb

Pectoralis minor
adducts forelimb

Xiphihumeralis
adducts forelimb

C. Upper Arm
Biceps brachii
flexes forearm

D. Forearm
Flexor carpi radialis
flexes wrist

Palmaris longus
flexes digits

Flexor carpi ulnaris
flexes digits

Cat Muscle of the Upper Body (Dorsal Side)
A. Neck
*Clavotrapezius
draws scapula craniodorsal

Acromiotrapezius
draws scapula dorsal

Spinotrapezius
draws scapula dorsal

Splenius (deep)
turns or raises head

B. Thorax
Latissimus dorsi
pulls arm caudodorsal

C. Shoulder
*Clavobrachialis (or Clavodeltoid)
flexes forearm

Acromiodeltoid
flexes and rotates humerus


Spinodeltoid
flexes and rotates humerus

Supraspinatus (deep)
extends arm

Infraspinatus (deep)
rotates humerus outward

D. Upper Arm
Triceps brachii (lateral and long heads)
extends forearm of humerus, of ulna

Brachialis (deep)
flexes forearm

E. Forearm
Brachioradialis
supinator of paw

Extensor carpi radialis
extends paw

Extensor carpi ulnaris
extends carpal joint