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Shoulder Flexion
- Fulcrum: Lateral aspect of the greater tubercle
- Proximal Arm: parallel to the midaxillary line of the thorax
- Distal Arm: the lateral midline of the humerus. Lateral epicondyle of the humerus may be helpful reference.
- ROM: 0-180d
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Shoulder Extension
- Fulcrum: lateral aspect of the greater tubercle
- Proximal arm: parallel to the midaxillary line of the thorax
- Distal arm: with the lateral midline of the humerus, using the lateral epicondyle of the humerus as a reference
- ROM: 0-60d
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Shoulder Abduction
- Fulcrum: close to the asnterior aspect of the acromial process
- Proximal arm: parallel to the midline of the anterior aspect of the sternum
- Distal arm: anterior midline of the humerus.
- ROM: 0-180d
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Shoulder Adduction
To neutral to 0d
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Medial Rotation
- Fulcrum: Olecranon process
- Proximal arm: perpendicular or parallel with the floor
- Distal arm: with the ulna, using the olecranon process, and ulnar styloid for reference
- ROM: 0-80d
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Lateral Rotation
- Fulcrum: over the olecranon process
- Proximal arm: either parallel or perpendicular to the floor
- Distal arm: with the ulna, using the olecranon process and ulnar styloid for reference
- ROM: 0-90d
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Elbow Flexion
- Fulcrum: lateral epicondyle of the humerus
- Proximal arm: lateral midline of the humerus, using the center of the acromion process for reference
- Distal arm: lateral midline of the radius, using the radial head and radial styloid process for reference
- ROM: 0-150d
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Elbow Extension
- Same as elbow flexion
- To neutral 0d
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Forearm Supination
- Fulcrum: medially and just proximally to the ular styloid process
- Proximal arm: parallel to the anterior midline of the humerus
- Distal end: across the ventral aspect of the forearm
- ROM: 0-90d
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Forearm Pronation
- Fulcrum: laterally and proximally to the ulnar styloid process
- Proximal arm: parallel to the anterior midline of the humerus
- Distal arm: across the dorsal aspect of the forearm
- ROM: 0-90d
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Wrist Flexion
- Fulcrum: lateral aspect of the wrist over the triquetrum
- Proximal arm: lateral midline of the ulna, using the olecranon and ulnar styloid process for reference
- Distal arm: lateral midline of the fifth metacarpal
- ROM: 0-80d
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