Respiratory System

What is the function of the respiratory system?

The function of the respiratory system is to supply the body with O2and dispose of CO2, collectively this is called what?

Three processes of respiration are?

Air into and out of the lungs for gas exchange is what type of respiration?

O2 from the lungs to the blood and CO2 from the blood to the lungs, is what type of respiration?

Movement of O2 from the blood to the tissue cells and of CO2 from tissue cells to blood, is what type of respiration?

What are the 7 parts of a Respiratory System?

Functionally the respiratory system consists of two zones, what are they?

The respiratory zone is the actual site for this?

The respiratory zone is composed of what?

The conducting zone includes all respiratory passageways except where? (there are 4 places)

This respiratory zone cleanses, humidifies, and warms incoming air

The is funnel-shaped and connects the nasal cavity and mouth superiorly to the larynx and esophagus inferiorly (commonly called the throat)

From superior to inferior, the pharynx is divided into three regions, what are they?

The Nasopharynx is posterior to what, inferior to what, and superior to what?

This is one of the three pharynx that serves only as an air passageway?

The Oropharynx lies posterior to what and is continuous with it through an archway called what?

Both swallowed food and inhaled air pass through this

Tonsils lie embedded in the mucosa of this

The Laryngopharynx is a passageway for food and air and is lined with what?

During swallowing, food has the "right of way," and air passage temporarily stops where?

This is also called the voice box

The Larynx has three functions, what are they?

The framework of the larynx is made up of what?

The large, shield-shaped thyroid cartilage is formed by the fusion of two cartilage plates giving midline laryngeal prominence, is commonly called this?

The ninth cartilage of the larynx is flexible, spoon-shaped, called what?

This is composed of elastic cartilage and is almost entirely covered by a taste bud–containing mucosa

When only air is flowing into the larynx, the inlet to the larynx is closed and the free edge of the epiglottis projects downward. True or False
True False

During swallowing, the larynx is pulled superiorly and the epiglottis tips to cover the laryngeal inlet. True or False
True False

This keeps food out of the lower respiratory passages

On each side laryngeal mucosa are the vocal ligaments, made of elastic fibers with folds. What are they?

When the vocal folds vibrate, what happens

The vocal folds and the medial opening between them through which air passes are called what?

Speech or voice production involves what?

This changes with the action of the intrinsic laryngeal muscles

What happens as the length and tension of the vocal cords change?

Generally, as the cords become more tense, the faster they vibrate. What happens to the pitch?

What happens when the glottis is wide or narrow?

As a boy’s larynx enlarges during puberty, his true vocal cords become what? The cords vibrate more slowly to give deeper voice.

What happens to the voice until enlarged true vocal cords are under control

What happens to the voice until enlarged true vocal cords are under control

What descends from the larynx through the neck and into the mediastinum?

This ends by dividing into the two main bronchi at midthorax?

In humans, what are the dimentions of the trachea (which is very flexible and mobile)

What does the tracheal wall consists of?

What is the outer layer of the trachea called?

The outer layer of the trachea, the mucosa, has what type of tissue? This tissue is throughout most of the respiratory tract.

The trachea divides into the right and left what?

Each bronchus runs obliquely in where?

Each bronchus runs obliquely in the mediastinum and then into the medial depression also called what?

What side of the main bronchus is wider, shorter, and more vertical than the other side?

This side of the bronchus is the more common site for an inhaled foreign object to become lodged

By the time incoming air reaches the bronchi, what are the air's characteristics?

In the lungs, each main bronchus subdivides into lobar (secondary) bronchi, how many on each side?

In the lungs, each main bronchus subdivides into lobar (secondary) bronchi (three on the right and two on the left each supplying what?

Each bronchi branches out into smaller bronchioles, about how many times overall?

At the terminal bronchioles, which are the tiniest, are less than how big in diameter?

Another name for the bronchi or subdivisions?

As the tubes in the bronchial tree becomes smaller, three structural changes occur:

As the conducting tubes in the bronchial tree becomes smaller, the cartilage rings are replaced by irregular plates of cartilage lacking what?

What type of fibers are found in the tube wall throughout the bronchial tree?

The mucosal epithelium thins as it changes from pseudostratified columnar to what type of tissue and then to a another different type of tissue, in the terminal bronchioles.

Cilia and mucus-producing cells are minimal where?

The amount of smooth muscle in the tube walls increases as the passageways become smaller. true or false
True False

The Bronchial Tree / Respiratory Zone is defined by the presence of what?

The respiratory bronchioles lead into where?

The alveolar ducts lead into terminal clusters of alveoli called what?

Gas-filled alveoli in the lungs account for most of the lung volume for easy gas exchange. About how many gas filled alveoli are there?

The alveoli are surrounded by what type of fibers?

Open alveolar pores that connect adjacent alveoli allow air pressure throughout the lung to be equalized and for what other reason?

What crawls freely along the internal alveolar surfaces

Alveolar surfaces are usually sterile. Why is this surprising?

Because the alveoli are "dead ends," aged and dead what must be prevented from accumulating in them.

The paired lungs occupy how much of the thoracic cavity

Each cone-shaped lung is suspended by what?

The lungs form the continuously curving costal surface, why?

What is the area called at which pulmonary and systemic blood vessels enter and leave the lungs.

Each bronchus plunges into the hilum on its own side and begins to do what?

Which lung is smaller?

The left lung is smaller than the right, and is divided into how many lobes by the oblique fissure

How is the right lung partitioned?

On average, the lungs contain how many alveoli?

The lungs increases the respiratory surface for what?

The total area of the respiratory surface in a pair of lungs is about the same area as what? a tennis court

What carries systemic venous blood that is to be oxygenated in the lungs

This carries freshly oxygenated blood from the lungs to the heart.

Pulmonary vessels are low-volume, high-pressure? true or false

Bronchial arteries are small-volume, high-pressure input? true or false
True False

All of the body’s blood passes through the lungs how often?

Because all of the body’s blood passes through the lungs about once each minute, the lung capillary endothelium is a good location for what and why?

Lungs and Nervous System are innervated by what 3 types of fibers?

Nerve fibers enter each lung through what?

Ones the nerve fibers enter the lungs through the pulmonary plexus on the lung root then where do they go?

Parasympathetic fibers do what to the air tubes?

Sympathetic nervous system does what to the air tubes?

Breathing is also referred to as what?

What is the period called when air flows into the lungs

What is the period called when gases exit the lungs

Inhalation: air flows in, the chest cavity does what and the diaphragm does what?

Exhalation: Air flows out, the chest cavity does what and the diaphragm does what?

As the air enters into the bronchial tree, the resistance decreases or increases?

As the air enters into the bronchial tree, the resistance increases since the size of the tubes gets smaller. What is this called?

The round shape of the alveoli increases the surface area and the tension, to increase the capacity. This is called what?

This is determined by the elasticity of the alveoli

This is the amount of air inhaled or exhaled with each breath under resting conditions

This is the amount of air that can be forcefully inhaled after a normal tidal volume inhalaltion?

This is the amount of air that can be forcefully exhaled after a normal tidal volume exhalation

This is the amount of air remaining in the lungs after a forced exhalation (connecting zone or dead zone)

What is the primary function of the lungs?

Since gas exchange is the primary function of the lungs, what is actually happening?

Gas exchange occurs by simple diffusion between what?

In the Alveolus:oxygen concentration is high, carbon dioxide concentration low? true or false
True False

In the Capillary:oxygen concentration is high, and carbon dioxide concentration low? true or false
True False

Who considers the total pressure exerted by a mixture of gases is the sum of the pressures exerted independently by each gas in the mixture.

Dalton's Law of Partial pressures is the Total pressure exerted by a mixture of gases is the sum of the pressures exerted independently by each gas in the mixture. What is the pressure called exerted by each gas?

What is the normal respiratiory rate?

Where is respiration controlled?

The medulla oblongata of brain sends out impulses to diaphragm and external intercostals (causing contraction) during what pulmonary ventilation?

The medulla oblongata of brain stops sending impulses to those muscles (muscles relax) during what pulmonary ventilation?

CO2 and H+ can directly effect the respiratory center's ability to increases the rate and depth of breathing. True or false
True False

Chemoreceptors in the carotid and aortic bodies are Sensitive to oxygen levels in blood.When levels decrease, impulses are sent to respiratory center, the Respiratory center then increases rate and depth of breathing

What is it called when exchange of gas between air in alveoli and blood?

Gases exert pressure. true or false
True False

Gas exchange in the body is measured by the amount of pressure each gas in a mixture exerts. What is this pressure called?

Partial pressure is the amount of pressure each gas in a mixture exerts. How is it symbolized?

Blood in pulmonary capillaries has a lower Pco2 than atmospheric air. true or false
True False

Carbon dioxide generated in tissue is transported in blood. Most transported in the form of type of what?

Carbon dioxide generated in tissue is transported in blood. Most transported in the form of bicarbonate ions but some are transported how?

Is an increase in the rate and depth of breathing that exceeds the body's need to remove CO2

This is an insufficient ventilation in relation to metabolic needs, causing CO2 retention

Sore throat, high fever, white patches