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unconditioned stimulus-UCS
"unlearned naturally occurring", involuntary response
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unconditioned response-UCR
involuntary response to a naturally occurring or unconditioned stimulus
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conditioned stimulus-CS
conditioned stimulus that becomes able to produce a learned reflex response by being paired with the original unconditioned stimulus
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neutral stimulus-NS
stimulus that has no effect on the desired response
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conditioned response-CR
learned reflex response to a conditioned stimulus
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extinction
the disappearance or weakening of a learned response following the removal or absence of the unconditioned stimulus or the removal of a reinforcer
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reinforcer
any event or object that when following a response, increases the likelihood of that response occurring again
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stimulus generalization
the tendency to respond to a stimulus that is only similar to the original conditioned stimulus with the conditioned response
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stimulus discrimination
the tendency to stop making a generalized response to a stimulus that is similar to the original conditioned stimulus because the similar stimulus is never paired with the unconditioned stimulus
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primary reinforcer
any reinforcer that is naturally reinforcing by meeting a basic biological need, such as hunger, thirst or touch.
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secondary reinforcer
any reinforcer that becomes reinforcing after being paired with a primary reinforcer, such as praise, tokens and gold stars
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classical conditioning
learning to make an involuntary response to a stimulus other that the original. natural stimulus that normally produces it.
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punishment
any event or object that, when following a response, makes that response less likely to happen again.
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punishment by application
the punishment of a response by the addition or experiencing of an unpleasant stimulus
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punishment by removal
the punishment of a response by the removal of a pleasurable stimulus
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schedules of reinforcement
schedule of reinforcement in which the interval of time that must pass before reinforcement becomes possible is always the same
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partial reinforcement effect
the tendency for a response that is reinforced after some, but not all, correct responses to be very resistant to extinction.
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continuous reinforcement
the reinforcement of each and every correct response
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fixed interval schedule of reinforcement
schedule of reinforcement in which the interval of time that must pass before reinforcement becomes possible is always the same
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variable interval schedule of reinforcement
schedule of reinforcement in which the interval of time must pass before reinforcement becomes possible is different for each trial or event
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fixed ratio schedule of reinforcement
schedule of reinforcement in which the number of resposes required for reinforcement is always the same
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variable ratio schedule of reinforcement
schedule of reinforcement in which the number of responses required for reinforcement is different for each trial or event
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shaping
the reinforcement of simple steps in behavior that lead to a desired, more complex behavior
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positive reinforcement
addition, or experiencing of a pleasurable stimulus
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negative reinforcement
removal, escape, or avoidance of unpleasant stimulus
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operant conditioning
behavior is determined by its consequences (Skinner)
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