-
Context: bone lingo
condyle
rounded articular area
-
Context: bone lingo
crest
ridge of bone
-
Context: bone lingo
foramen
- passage through a bone
- (look for a hole)
-
Context: bone lingo
fossa
- hollow or depressed area
- (not mu-fossa from the lion king)
-
Context: bone lingo
malleolus
rounded process
-
Context: bone lingo
notch
indentation at the edge of a bone
-
Context: bone lingo
protuberance
projection of bone
-
Context: bone lingo
spine
thornlike process
-
Context: bone lingo
process
projection from the surface
-
Context: bone lingo
trochanter
- large blunt elevation
- (you're beautiful, you're beautiful it's true ... james blunt)
-
Context: bone lingo
tubercle
- small raised eminence
- (she put a square around this for some unknown reasons)
-
Context: bone lingo
tuberosity
large rounded elevation
-
Context: bone lingo
medial
- closest to midline
- (this was a medterm so i doubt that you'll get this wrong)
-
Context: bone lingo
lateral
furthest from midline
-
Context: bone lingo
proximal
closest
-
Context: bone lingo
distal
furthest
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Parts of the axial and appendicular skeleton
what is circled (5 sets)
- 1. cranium, face (of the skull)
- 2. hyoid (associated bones), sternum, ribs (thoracic cage)
- 3. vertebrae, sacrum, coccyx (vertebral column)
- (for some reason i have a hard time spelling coccyx - it's weird)
- 4. clavicle, scapula (pectoral girdle)
- 5. tarsal bones, metatarsal bones, phalanges (lower limbs)
-
context: skull
bones of the cranium (6) and how much of each
- 1. frontal bone (1)
- 2. occipital bone (1)
- 3. parietal bones (2)
- 4. temporal bones (2)
- 5. sphenoid bone (1)
- 6. ethmoid bone (1)
-
FOCUS: on parietal bone, temporal bone, ethmoid
-
FOCUS: frontal bone, sphenoid, occipital bone, occipital condyle, foramen magnum
-
context: skull
List the Bones of the face (8)
- 1. mandible (1)
- 2. maxillae (maxillary bone) (2)
- 3. zygomatic bones (2)
- 4. lacrimal bones (2)
- 5. nasal bones (2)
- 6. inferior nasal conchae (2)
- 7. palatine bones (2)
- 8. vomer bone (1)
-
FOCUS: vomer, zygomatic bone, nasal bone
-
-
FOCUS: lacrimal bone, maxillary bone, inferior nasal concha, mandible
-
3 parts of the central axial skeleton
- 1. Hyoid bone - level of C3, suspended by muscles that attach it to the larynx, tongue, pharynx
- 2. sternum - manubrium, body, xyphoid process
- 3. costae (Ribs) - 1-7 (true), 8-10 (false), 11-12 (floating of the false)
-
3 parts of the Spinal Column
- 1. vertebrae (7 cervical - atypical vertebrae: different, C1 (atlas), C2 (axis); 12 thoracic; 5 lumbar) --> REMEMBER: breakfast at 7, lunch at 12, and dinner at 5; t before x for atlas vs axis; you say yes before no (atlas - nod head, axis - shake head)
- 2. sacrum (5-6 fused vertebrae)
- 3. coccyx (3-4 fused vertebrae)
-
Pectoral Girdle
- connects arms to trunk via scapular and clavicle
- FOCUS: acromion, coracoid process
-
- FOCUS: acromion, coracoid process in relation to manubrium (sternum)
- and the acromial end and sternal end
-
Bones of the ankle and foot (6)
- 1. tarsus: 7 tarsal bones
- 2. calcaneus: largest of the tarsals, attachment site of Achilles tendon
- 3. talus: articulates proximally with tibia
- 4. metatarsals: foot bone (I-V)
- 5. hallux (big toe): 2 phalanges
- 6. 4 toes: 3 phalanges each toe
-
FOCUS: calcaneus, talus, proximal phalanx (2), middle phalanx, distal phalanx (2), metatarsal bones
-
Axial and appendicular skeleton
- FOCUS: vertebrae (24), sacrum, coccyx : of the vertebral column
- humerus (2), radius (2), ulna (2), carpal bones (16), metacarpal bones (10), phalanges (28) (proximal, middle, distal) : upper limbs
- pelvic girdle (2)
- femur (2), patella (2), tibia (2), fibula (2) : lower limbs
-
-
syn (arthosis)
- syn = together (2 bones together)
- NO movement, STRONGEST joint
-
Di ((a)rthrosis)
- aka Synovial
- Dia = through, across, apart
- supported, BUT not connected
- free movement, weakest joint
-
amphi (arthrosis)
- amphi = on BOTH sides, of both kinds, BOTH
- held together by fibrous or cartilaginous connection
- Slight movement, INTERMEDIATE strength joint
-
put in order from weakest to strongest joint:
amphi, syn, di (arthrosis)
di < amphi < syn
-
3 types of synarthosis
- 1. fibrous
- 2. cartilaginous
- 3. body fusion
-
context: 3 types of synarthosis
fibrous
- 1. suture (sewing) - interlocking bones with fibrous connections
- 2. gomphosis (bolting) - insertion plus fibrous wrap
-
context: 3 types of synarthosis
cartilaginous
synchondrosis - rigid, cartilage bridge
-
context: 3 types of synarthosis
bony fusion
synostosis - bone to bone
-
FOCUS: i dunno just memorize this
-
2 types of Amphiarthosis
- 1. syndesmosis
- 2. symphysis
-
context: 2 types of Amphiarthosis
syndesmosis
- desmos = band/ligaments
- bones connected by a ligament
-
context: 2 types of Amphiarthosis
symphysis
- physis = growth
- fibrous cartilage pad between two bones
-
FOCUS: top and bottom ... for Amphiarthosis: syndesmosis vs symphysis
-
context: intervertebral articulations
TO be FILLED IN cause i didn't pay attention here
-
2 Problems with the vertebral articulations
- 1. Disk protusion/distortion - weakened posterior longitudinal ligaments, intervertebral disc distorted but intact
- 2. herniated disk - weakened posterior longitudinal ligament, intervertebral disc ruptures (nucleus pulposus escapes)
- BOTH: spinal nerve or spinal cord can be compressed.
-
problems with the vertebral articulations
-
3 types of diarthosis (synovial)
- 1. monoaxial
- 2. biaxial
- 3. triaxial
-
context: 3 types of diarthosis (synovial)
monoaxial
- joint moves 1 dimension
- MOST stable
-
context: 3 types of diarthosis (synovial)
biaxial
- joint moves 2 dimension
- less stable
-
context: 3 types of diarthosis (synovial)
triaxial
- joint moves 3 dimension
- LEAST stable
-
put 3 types of diarthosis (synovial) in order of stability (weak to strong):
triaxial, monoaxial, biaxial
triaxial < biaxial < monoaxial
-
context: 3 types of diarthosis (synovial)
Things that limit motion/ stabilize joints (7)
- 1. shapes of articulating surfaces
- 2. fat pads
- 3. bones
- 4. ligaments
- 5. muscles
- 6. tendons
- 7. joint capsule
-
6 Features of synovial joints (diarthrosis)
- 1. articular capsule
- 2. additional cartilage pads
- 3. fat pads
- 4. ligaments
- 5. tendons
- 6. bursae
-
context: 6 Features of synovial joints (diarthrosis)
articular capsule
- lined by:
- -synovial membrane - areolar tissue, epithelium
- -articular cartilage : ends of bone (epiphysis), slick, smooth
- joint cavity - synovial fluid: lubricant (proteoglycan rich, clear, viscous solution), nutrient distribution, shock distribution
-
context: 6 Features of synovial joints (diarthrosis)
additional cartilage pads
-
context: 6 Features of synovial joints (diarthrosis)
fat pads
- often outside the capsule
- support, shock absorption
-
context: 6 Features of synovial joints (diarthrosis)
ligaments
- bone to bone
- support, strengthen, reinforce
-
context: 6 Features of synovial joints (diarthrosis)
tendons
- muscles to bones
- support, limit range of motion
-
context: 6 Features of synovial joints (diarthrosis)
bursae
- pouch
- synovial fluid filled pockets
- response to friction between tissues
- reduce friction
- shock absorption
-
3 movements permitted by synovial joints
- 1. linear/planar- gliding
- 2. angular - flexion/extension, abduction/adduction, circumduction
- 3. rotation
-
6 structural classification of synovial joints (types for movement)
- 1. gliding joints
- 2. hinge joints
- 3. pivot joints
- 4. ellipsoidal joints
- 5. saddle joints
- 6. ball and socket joints
-
context: 6 structural classification of synovial joints (types for movement)
gliding joints
- limited motion
- nonaxial or multiaxial
- ex: intercarpal joints, sacroiliac joints, acromion (scapula)-clavicle and clavicle-manubrium (sternum)
-
context: 6 structural classification of synovial joints (types for movement)
hinge joints
- monoaxial: 1D: flexion/extension
- ex: elbow and knee
- 2 types
-
context: 6 structural classification of synovial joints (types for movement)
pivot joints
- monoaxial: 1D : rotation
- ex: atlas (1C)/ axis (C2), radius and ulna (proximal)
-
context: 6 structural classification of synovial joints (types for movement)
ellipsoidal joint
- biaxial: 1D: flexion/extension - perpendicular to the plane of the body
- 2D: abduction/adduction - in the plane of the body, circumduction (2D)
- ex: radius to carpal bones, metacarpal to phalange
-
context: 6 structural classification of synovial joints (types for movement)
saddle joint
- biaxial: 1D: flexion/extension
- 2D: abduction/adduction -circumduction (2D), opposition (2D)
- ex: metacarpal-carpal joints (thumb)
-
context: 6 structural classification of synovial joints (types for movement)
ball and socket joint
- triaxial: 1D: flexion/extension
- 2D: adduction/abduction - circumduction (2D)
- 3D: rotation
- ex: hip and shoulders
- 2 types
-
arachidonic acid cascade
membrane phospholipids --phospholipase A2 (PLA2) --> Arachidonic acid -- (1.lipoxygenases/2. Cyclooxygenase [Cox-1,Cox-2]) --> 1. leukotrienes/2. PGH2 --(1. PG synthesis/2. TBX synthases) --> 1. other prostaglandins/2. thromboxanes
-
3 types of control over inflammation (in the arachidonic acid cascade)
- 1. steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (SAIDs)
- 2. Non- steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs)
- 3. Acetaminophen (Tylenol) ?? possible
-
3 types of control over inflammation (in the arachidonic acid cascade)
steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (SAIDs)
- PLA 2 inhibitors
- -glucocorticoids (cortisone, betamethasone)
-
3 types of control over inflammation (in the arachidonic acid cascade)
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs)
- mixed COX-1 and COX-2 inhibitors (aspirin, ibuprofen, naproxen)
- COX-2 inhibitors (Celecoxib [Celebrex], Valdecoxib [Bextra], Rofecoxib [Vioxx])
-
3 types of control over inflammation (in the arachidonic acid cascade)
acetaminophen (Tylenol)
- possible COX-3 inhibitor
- not considered an NSAID
- reduces pain (analgesic) and fever, but not anti-inflammatory
-
Bursitis
- inflammation of bursae
- increased irritation and very painful
- causes: repetitive movements, prolonged or excessive pressure, trauma (car accident, falls), infection
- treatment: rest and protect, ice packs, NSAIDs, SAIDs
-
3 types of arthritis
- 1. osteoarthritis
- 2. rheumatoid arthritis
- 3. gouty arthritis
-
context: 3 types of arthritis
osteoarthritis
- 1. degenerative arthritis - in hands (distal fingers), weight bearing joints
- 2. MOST COMMON arthritis (60 years +) - articular cartilage wears away with time, creates friction
- 3. risk factors (collagen) - age, genetics, injury, obesity, hypermobility
- 4. symptoms - joints aching and sore, pain after overuse or prolonged inactivity, bony enlargements
- 5. treatment - acetaminophen; NSAIDs, SAIDs, physical therapy; weigh control; surgery, Glucosamine and Chondroitin? (why is there a question mark here, just tell me upfront with me!)
-
context: 3 types of arthritis
rheumatoid arthritis
- 1. inflammatory arthritis - hands (proximal fingers), feet, wrists, ankles
- 2. immune mediated disorder - synovial membrane --> inflamed --> thicken, with time affects articular cartilage, WBC, caused by: unknown, genetics, autoimmune disease?, rheumatoid factors
- 3. risk factors- gender (women 2-3x); smoking
- 4. symptoms - joints aching and sore; joints change appearance, bony enlargements; low grade fever
- 5. treatment - acetaminophen; anti-inflammatory agents, SAIDs, TNFa Ab: Infliximab (Remicade)
-
context: 3 types of arthritis
gouty arthritis
- 1. deposition of uric acid crystals in synovial joints - Xanthine oxidase: converts purines to uric acids, usually excreted by kidney (most cases decreased uric acid clearance)
- 2. risk factors - high purine diet (meat/seafood main culprit); men more likely, excessive alcohol consumption.
- 3. symptoms - excruciating and sudden pain, swelling, redness, stiff joint, usually affects big toe, but other possible
- 4. treatment - acetaminophen; NSAIDs, Xanthine oxidase inhibitors (Allopurinol), Uricosurics (Probenecid) , dietary changes --> low purine diet, reduce alcohol, keep well hydrated
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