Organic Chem

Molecule (alkene or alkyne) + X₂ or HX ----> molecule

• hydrogenation--hydrogen is added
• Addition reaction

• halogenation--halogen is added
• Addition reaction

large molecule (alkane or aromatic) + X₂ ^Light_------> large molecX + XOther

Only one atom "switches"

Have a benzene ring

Only undergoes substitution, NOT ADDITION

molecule---->alkene/alkyne + little

react with a strong base (ie. OH^-)

create double bonds

has a product of H and other (ie. HCl)

creates double bonds

has a product of H₂O

alcohol + carboxylic acid---->ester +H₂O

Alcohol is named like a branch

branchyl____alkanoate

ie. ethyl propanoate

attaching an alcohol and carboxylic acid together and removing H₂O and attaching the two together where the OH and H were taken from

• I) complete
• C_?H_? (O₂) + O_2(g) ------> CO2(g) + H20(g)
• II) incomplete
• C?H? (O?) + O2(g) ----> H2O(g) + (CO2(g) + CO(g) + C(s)

• I) Ethane cracking-does not break smaller carbon molecules and does not break bonds
• Makes ethane into ethene and H2

Making isomers by branching

Straight chain--->aromatic (burns better) + H2

It has a carboxyl group

A carbon double bonded to an oxygen and single bonded to an OH

R-COOH

alkaneoic acid

ie. pentanoic acid

carbon containing molecules

• exceptions:
• Na2CO3
• KCN
• (NH4)3CO3
• Oxides of carbon (ie. CO(g) and CO2(g)

• 1) longest continuous chain of carbons (parent chain)
• 2) number the parent chain to give the branches the lowest possible numbers (if it is a tie, the alphabetically lower branch gets the smaller number)
• 3) name the branch alphabetically
• #-____yl
• 4) name the parent chain
• _____ane

same molecular formula but different bonding

• C_nH_2n+2 any alkane with no ring
• no polar
• volatile
• the bigger the homologous series the higher the boiling point, due to LDF

• alkanes that contain a ring
• each ring removes 2 hydrogen atoms
• C_nH_2n

• 1) the ring is considered the parent chain as long as there are simple branches on it
• 2) in either case the # of carbons gets the prefix "cyclo"

• have one or more double bonds
• every double bond means 2 less H's
• if there is only DB

• suffix becomes -#-ene
• *the double bond must be in the parent chain and gets the smallest # possible (of higher priority than branches)

• have 1 or more triple bonds
• C_nH_2n-2 (non cyclic with 1 triple bond)
• name like alkenes but with the ending ___yne

• in a molecule with simple branching the parent is "benzene"
• in a molecule with complicated branching the benzene ring becomes a branch and is called "phenyl"

not aromatic, does not contain benzene

hydrocarbon has all single bonds

double of triple bonds

compare to an alkene: every 2 H's missing=unit of unsaturation=one extra bond OR ring

takes large hydrocarbon and makes it smaller

• Alkanes-all single bonds, stable with LOW REACTIVITY
• Alkenes-has one "extra bond" which is less stable, these are SOMEWHAT REACTIVE
• Alkynes-the "extra bonds" are less stable which means these are QUIET REACTIVE

name like hydrocarbons with the halogen like a branch with suffix -O

ie. 2,2,3-tribromobutane

• alcohol group is the highest priority
• number of carbons-#-ol
• if there is a higher priority group in the molecule the alcohol is named like a branch as a "hydroxy"

• 1^o, primary alcohol
• 2^o, secondary alcohol
• 3^o, tertiary alcohol

how many carbons the carbon that contains the alcohol is bonded to

have a backbone made out of carbons only

heteroatoms in the backbone

many esters

fats/oils