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What are the General Senses?
Temperature, pain, touch, pressure, vibration, and proprioception.
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Where are receptors for the general senses?
Receptors for thee sensations are distributed throughout the body.
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What are special senses?
Olfaction, gustation, equilibrium, hearing and vision.
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Receptors for special senses are located in specialized areas called?
Sense organ.
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What is a Sensory Receptor?
It is a specialized cell that when stimulated sends a sensation to the CNS.
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Receptor Specificity is what?
It allows each receptor to respond to particular stimuli.
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What are free nerve endings?
They are simplest receptors.
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Free nerve ending is monitored by single receptor cell is called?
Receptive Field.
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What are Tonic Receptors?
They are always sending signals to the CNS; phasic receptors become active only when the conditions that they monitor change
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What is Adaptation?
A reduction in sensitivity in the presence of a constant stimulus.
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_________ may involve changes in receptor sensitivity or ________ along the sensory pathways.
Adaption; inhibition
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What are Fast-adapting receptors?
Phasic
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What are slow-adapting receptors?
Tonic
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The information provided by our sensory receptor is incomplete because,
- 1. We do not have receptors for every stimulus
- 2. Our receptors have limited range of sensitivity
- 3. Stimulus produce a neural event that must be interpreted by the CNS
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Receptors are classified as ________ if they provide information about the external environment and ________ if they monitor conditions inside the body.
Exteroceptors; interoceptors
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What are Nociceptors?
Respond to a variety of stimuli usually associated with tissue damage.
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What are two types of these painful sensations?
Fast Pain (prickling) and slow pain (burning and aching)
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What are thermoreceptors?
Respond to temp
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What are Mechanoreceptors?
Respond to physical distortion, contact, or pressure on their cell membrane.
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What are Tactile Receptor?
to touch, pressure and vibration
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What are baroreceptors?
To pressure change in the walls of blood vessels and the digestive, reproductive, and urinary tract.
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What are Proprioreceptor?
to positions of joint and muscles.
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Fine touch and pressure receptors provide what?
They provide detailed information about a source of stimulation .
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What crude touch and pressure receptors?
they are poorly localized.
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What are important tactile receptors?
Free nerve endings, root hair plexus, tactile discs.
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Where are Merkel Cells located?
They are located in the stratum germinatum that are sensitive to fine touch.
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What do Baroreceptors do?
Monitor changes in pressure they respond immediately but adapt rapidly.
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Where are Baroreceptors location?
Are in the walls of major arteries and veins respond to changes in blood pressure.
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What are Proprioceptors?
monitor the position of joints, tension in tendons and ligaments, and the state of muscular contraction.
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What to do Chemoreceptors respond to?
It respond to water-soluble and lipid-soluble substance that are dissolved in the surrounding fluid, they monitor the chemical composition of body fluids.
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What do the olfactory organs contain?
They contain Olfactory Epithelium and Olfactory Receptor, supporting cells, basal.
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What are olfactory receptors sensitive to?
They are neurons sensitive to chemical dissolving in the overlying mucus.
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What are basal cell consider as, in the olfactory Organs?
They are consider Stem Cells.
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The olfactory organs are coasted with the secretions of what?
olfactory Glands.
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The olfactory receptors are modified neurons and decrease in the numbers of olfactory receptors cause what?
Lose of smell Sense
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The olfactory system has extensive limbic and hypothalamic connections that help explain what?
It explains the emotional and behavioral responses that can be produced by certain smells.
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What is Gustation?
Also known as taste, provides information about the food and liquids that we consume.
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Gustatory Receptors are clustered in what?
In taste Buds. .
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What does each taste bud contain?
They contain gustatory cells.
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What are Gustatory Cells?
They extend taste hairs through a narrow taste pore.
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What are taste buds associated with?
They are associated with epithelial projections ( Papillae )
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The taste buds are monitored by which cranial nerves?
VII, IX, and X
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The afferent fibers synapse with the _______ before proceeding to the thalamus and cerebral cortex.
Nucleus solitaries
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What are the taste sensations?
Sweet, salty, sour, bitter unami, and water.
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What is Auricle?
It is a part of the ear, which surrounds the entrance to the external acoustic meatus that end at the tympanic membrane or eardrum.
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The ________, the _______ encloses and protects the auditory ossicles.
Middle Ear; Tympanic Cavity
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What are the auditory Ossicles?
They connect the tympanic membrane with the receptor complex of inner ear.
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The tympanic cavity communicates with the nasopharynx via the what?
Auditory Tube
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What two things contact to reduce the amount of motion of the tympanum when very loud sound arrive?
They Tensor Tympani and Stapedius Muscles.
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The senses of equilibrium and hearing are provided by the receptors of the what?
Inner Ear.
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The inner ear is housed within fluid-filled tubes and chambers known as?
Membranous labyrinth.
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The Inner ears chambers and canals contain what?
Endolymph.
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The bony Labyrinth does what?
It surrounds and protects the membranous labyrinth.
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The bony labyrinth can be subdivided into what?
The Vestibule and Semicircular Canals and the cochlea.
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What does the Vestibule and semicircular canal provide?
They provide the sense of equilibrium
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What does the Cochlea provide?
It provides the sense of hearing.
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What membranous sacs do the vestibule include?
They include the utricle and saccule.
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What do the Utricle and Saccule receptors provide?
They provide sensation of gravity and linear acceleration.
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The cochlea contains the _______, and elongated portion of the membranous labyrinth.
Cochlear Duct
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The basic receptors of the inner ear are ________, whose surfaces support stereocilia.
Hair Cells.
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What do Hair Cells provide?
They provide information about the direction and strength of varied mechanical stimuli.
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The ________, _________, and ________are continuous with utricle.
Anterior; Posterior; lateral semicircular ducts.
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All semicircular duct contains a(n)?
Ampulla.
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Are the Ampulla the cilia contact a gelationous?
Cupula
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The utricle and saccule are connected by a passageway continuous with the _________, which teminates the _________.
Endolymphatic duct; endolymphatic Sac.
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In the Saccule and utricle, hair cells cluster with ______, where their cells contract otoliths consisting of densel packed mineral crystals (called ________ ) in a gelatinous matrix.
Maculae; Statoconia
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When the head tilts, the mass of each otolith shifts, and the resulting distortion in the sensory hair signals the what?
CNS
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The vestibular receptors activate sensory neurons of the?
Vestibular ganglia.
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The axons form the _______ of the vestibulocochlear nerve VIII, synapsing within the _______.
Vestibular branch; vestibular nuclei.
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Sound waves travel toward the tympanum, which vibrates:
The auditory ossicles conduct the vibrations to the base of the stapes at the oval window.
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Movement at the oval window applies pressure first to the perilymph of the what?
Vestibular Duct
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Vestibular Duct pressure is passed on the perilymph in the what?
Tympanic Duct.
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What are palpebrae?
Also known as eyelids, which are separated by the palpebral fissure.
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What lines the palpebral margins?
Eyelashes
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What are tarsal glands?
They secrete a lipid-rich product, line the inner margins of the eyelids.
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What do Lacrimal Caruncle produce?
They produce other secretions.
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what bathe the conjunctiva; thee secretions are slightly alkaline and contain lysozymes.
The secretions of the lacrimal gland.
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Tear collect in the?
Lacus Lacrimalis.
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The tears reach the inferior meatus of the nose after passing through the?
Lacimal puncta, lacrimal canaliculi, lacrimal sac and nasolacrimal duct.
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The eye has three layers which are?
- An outer fibrous tunic
- a vascular tunic
- and inner neural tunic.
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The Fibrous tunic includes what?
Includes mot of the ocular surface.
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The fiberous tunic is covered by the?
Sclera
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The corneal limbus is what?
It is the border between the clear and the cornea
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What covers most of the exposed surface of the eye?
the conjunctiva
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What covers most of the exposed surface of the eye?
The Bublar, ocular conjunctive
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What does the palpebral conjunctiva do?
Lines the inner surface of the eyelids.
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Is the cornea transparent?
Yes.
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What does the vascular tunic include?
it includes the iris, the ciliary body and choroid
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They cornea forms what boundaries?
The Anterior and posterior chambers.
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The ciliary body contains what?
The ciliary muscle and the ciliary processes
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The ciliary muscle and the ciliary process attach to what?
The suspensory ligaments (zonnular fibers) of the lens
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The neural tunic (retina) consists of what?
An outer pigmented layer and an inner neural retina.
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There are two types of photoreceptors which are?
Rods and cones.
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What are Rods?
They provide black-and-white vision in dim light.
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What are cones?
They provide color vision in bright light.
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What is the area in which cones are concentrated and has the sharpest vision?
Macula lutea and fovea.
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Damages to the fovea do what?
Interferes with the ability to see color.
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The direct line to the CNS proceeds from photoreceptors to?
bipolar cells, then to ganglion cells, and to the brain via the optic nerve.
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What two cells modify the signals passed between other retinal components.
Horizontal cells and amacrine cells.
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The ______, held in place by the suspensory ligaments, lies posterior to the cornea and forms the anterior boundary of the vitreous chamber.
Lens.
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Vitreous chamber contains the what?
Vitreous body.
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What is the vitreous body?
A gelatinous mass the helps stabilize the shape of the eye and support the retina.
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