-
1620. two important international events that followed the New Deal
World War II and the Cold War (USSRG:82,1,1)
-
1621. How did World War II cause economic recovery?
through large government spending and job creation (USSRG:82,1,1)
-
1622. year by which the Works Progress Administration and Civilian Conservation Corps had been ended
1943 (USSRG:82,1,1)
-
1623. How did Democrats fare in the 1942 United States elections?
diminished their congressional majority (USSRG:82,1,1)
-
1624. Dr. Win‐the‐War
Franklin D. Roosevelt’s nickname for himself during World War II (USSRG:82,1,1)
-
1625. year in which Republicans began to dismantle New Deal agencies
1938 (USSRG:82,1,1)
-
1626. two agencies through which government spending was expanded during World War II
War Production Board and National Resources Planning Board (USSRG:82,1,2)
-
1627. Why was the United States economy able to grow more quickly than European economies during World War II?
was not attacked on the home front (USSRG:82,1,3)
-
1628. the only nation with the atomic bomb at the end of World War II
the United States (USSRG:82,2,0)
-
1629. Why did the United States possess worldwide military influence after World War II?
The war had spread its military all over the world. (USSRG:82,2,0)
-
1630. the United States’ ideological rival in the Cold War
the Soviet Union (USSRG:82,2,0)
-
1631. three types of competition between the United States and the Soviet Union during the Cold War
economic, political, and military competition (USSRG:82,2,0)
-
1632. How were the millions of Cold War‐era United States veterans received upon their return?
given veterans’ benefits (USSRG:82,2,0)
-
1633. two ways in which the Cold War affected American unions
became conservative and purged suspected communists (USSRG:82,2,0)
-
1634. Franklin D. Roosevelt’s successor as president
Harry S. Truman (USSRG:83,1,1)
-
1635. How did the New Deal change the United States federal government?
expanded its institutions concerned with social and economic policy (USSRG:83,1,1)
-
1636. When did the New Deal end?
1937 (USSRG:83,1,2)
-
1637. With which policy did the New Deal end?
Franklin D. Roosevelt’s court‐packing plan (USSRG:83,1,2)
-
1638. only significant New Deal legislation passed after 1937
Fair Labor Standards Act (USSRG:83,1,2)
-
1639. Which political party lost seats in the election of 1938?
Democratic Party (USSRG:83,1,2)
-
1640. fraction of Americans that received aid from the federal government during the New Deal
one‐third (USSRG:83,1,2)
-
1641. Which entity became responsible for defusing economic crises after the New Deal?
the federal government (USSRG:83,1,2)
-
1642. three distinct purposes of New Deal policies
relieve hardship, stimulate the economy, and prevent a recurrence of the conditions that had caused the Great Depression (USSRG:83,1,3)
-
1643. three New Deal programs that still impact Americans’ lives today
Social Security, Securities and Exchange Commission, and Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation (USSRG:83,1,3)
-
1644. How did the New Deal affect the constituency of the Democratic Party?
increased it (USSRG:83,1,4)
-
1645. percentage of Americans on relief programs voting Democratic in 1936
84% (USSRG:83,2,0)
-
1646. Why did unions ally with the Democrats after World War II?
had made unions a recognized force in the United States (USSRG:83,2,1)
-
1647. How did American immigrants increasingly begin to see themselves after World War II?
as normal white Americans (USSRG:83,2,1)
-
1648. hyphenated Americans
United States immigrants with their own distinct cultures (USSRG:83,2,1)
-
1649. How did Franklin D. Roosevelt address American immigrants?
as his peers (USSRG:83,2,1)
-
1650. only region in which the Democratic Party was “solid” prior to the New Deal
the South (USSRG:83,2,1)
-
1651. How did the Democratic Party appeal to the middle class during the New Deal?
with programs that helped families (USSRG:83,2,2)
-
1652. How did stock market regulations and deposit insurance benefit families with savings during the New Deal?
provide a sense of security (USSRG:83,2,2)
-
1653. New Deal home loan program’s effect on home ownership
an increase (USSRG:83,2,2)
-
1654. one of the most defining characteristics of middle‐class life in the United States
home ownership (USSRG:83,2,2)
-
1655. the largest beneficiary of the New Deal
the enlarged middle class (USSRG:83,2,2)
-
1656. the most important legacy of the New Deal
an enlarged middle class (USSRG:83,2,2)
-
1657. demographic that most consistently voted Democratic following the New Deal
African Americans (USSRG:83,2,2)
-
1658. head of the Brotherhood of Sleeping Car Porters in 1941
A. Philip Randolph (USSRG:84,1,0)
-
1659. With what action did A. Philip Randolph threaten Franklin D. Roosevelt in 1941?
a march on Washington D.C. (USSRG:84,1,0)
-
1660. racial composition of the Brotherhood of Sleeping Car Porters
African‐American (USSRG:84,1,0)
-
1661. two reasons why A. Philip Randolph threatened to march on Washington D.C. in 1941
segregation in the military and discrimination in war industries (USSRG:84,1,0)
-
1662. Franklin D. Roosevelt’s response to A. Philip Randolph’s threat to march on Washington D.C. in 1941
Fair Employment Practices Commission (USSRG:84,1,0)
-
1663. Fair Employment Practices Commission
agency that established the federal government’s role in preventing workplace discrimination (USSRG:84,1,0)
-
1664. United States political party most supportive of equal rights for all races in 1941
Democratic Party (USSRG:84,1,0)
-
1665. four New Dealers who advocated racial equality
Eleanor Roosevelt, Harry Hopkins, Mary McLeod Bethune, and John Collier (USSRG:84,1,0)
-
1666. Whom did the New Deal seek to make families’ chief breadwinners?
men (USSRG:84,1,1)
-
1667. labor force participation rate of African American women relative to that of white women during the New Deal
higher for African American women (USSRG:84,1,1)
-
1668. How did the female labor force participation rate change during the 1930s?
increased (USSRG:84,2,0)
-
1669. Why did the female labor force participation rate increase during the 1930s?
families needed extra money (USSRG:84,2,0)
-
1670. Whom did New Dealers generally think the Great Depression most affected?
men (USSRG:84,2,1)
-
1671. New Deal program that catered exclusively to men
Civilian Conservation Corps (USSRG:84,2,1)
-
1672. Why did World War II temporarily alter family income structures in the United States?
subjected men to the draft (USSRG:85,1,1)
-
1673. What United States government program can be considered its quintessential gendered welfare program?
G. I. Bill (USSRG:85,1,1)
-
1674. full name of the AFDC
Assistance for Families with Dependent Children (USSRG:85,1,2)
-
1675. system of which the Assistance for Families with Dependent Children program was part
social security (USSRG:85,1,2)
-
1676. the most significant demographic shift in the 20th century United States
migration of poor African Americans from the South to northern cities (USSRG:85,1,2)
-
1677. New Deal program accelerating the northwards migration of poor African Americans by displacing sharecroppers
the Agricultural Adjustment Act (USSRG:85,1,2)
-
1678. Which New Deal program’s regional inequalities encouraged the northwards migration of poor African Americans?
Social Security (USSRG:85,1,2)
-
1679. year in which Lyndon B. Johnson expanded funding for the Assistance for Families with Dependent Children program
1965 (USSRG:85,1,3)
-
1680. President of the United States in 1965
Lyndon B. Johnson (USSRG:85,1,3)
-
1681. Which United States government program became vital to single‐parent households in the 1960s?
Assistance for Families with Dependent Children (USSRG:85,1,3)
-
1682. What effect did conservative critics of the Assistance for Families with Dependent Children program claim the New Deal had?
degraded family values and hard work (USSRG:85,1,3)
-
1683. decade in which the American civil rights struggle of the 1960s first began
1930s (USSRG:85,1,4)
-
1684. academic focus of the 1930s that discredited “scientific racism”
the effects of environment on behavior (USSRG:85,1,4)
-
1685. Which demographic group increasingly won important cases before the Supreme Court after the 1930s?
African Americans (USSRG:85,2,0)
-
1686. date on which Franklin D. Roosevelt died
April 12, 1945 (USSRG:85,2,1)
-
1687. Franklin D. Roosevelt’s vice president
Harry S. Truman (USSRG:85,2,1)
-
1688. law that Harry S. Truman vetoed unsuccessfully in 1946
Taft‐Hartley Act (USSRG:85,2,1)
-
1689. year in which a wave of strikes angered Harry S. Truman
1946 (USSRG:85,2,1)
-
1690. Who won the presidential election of 1948?
Harry S. Truman (USSRG:85,2,1)
-
1691. primary beneficiaries of Harry S. Truman’s expansion of the New Deal’s reach
African Americans (USSRG:85,2,1)
-
1692. Harry S. Truman’s legislative program to extend New Deal benefits to African Americans
the Fair Deal (USSRG:86,1,1)
-
1693. From whom did the Fair Deal encounter congressional resistance?
Republicans (USSRG:86,1,1)
-
1694. Presidential Civil Rights Commission
agency created by Harry S. Truman in 1946 to expand African Americans’ rights (USSRG:86,1,1)
-
1695. year in which Harry S. Truman desegregated the military
1948 (USSRG:86,1,1)
-
1696. method that Harry S. Truman used to desegregate the military in 1948
executive order (USSRG:86,1,1)
-
1697. year in which Shelley v. Kramer was decided
1948 (USSRG:86,1,1)
-
1698. Supreme Court ruling in Shelley v. Kramer
Racially discriminatory housing agreements could not be enforced. (USSRG:86,1,1)
-
1699. How did Harry S. Truman’s Justice Department aid the civil rights cause in Shelley v. Kramer?
filed a brief with the Supreme Court supporting the cause (USSRG:86,1,1)
-
1700. type of brief filed by Harry S. Truman’s Justice Department in Brown v. Board of Education
amicus curiae (USSRG:86,1,1)
-
1701. national effect of Brown v. Board of Education
end of segregation in schools (USSRG:86,1,1)
-
1702. two reasons Harry S. Truman supported the civil rights cause
morals and concern about foreign views of the United States (USSRG:86,1,2)
-
1703. With which contemporary event could the early 1900s’ segregation of African Americans in the American South be compared?
Nazis’ treatment of Jews (USSRG:86,1,2)
-
1704. global post‐World War II trend that led to the formation of many new nations
decolonization (USSRG:86,1,2)
-
1705. form of segregation in the American Northeast and West during the Truman administration
informal (USSRG:86,1,2)
-
1706. region of the United States where blacks were restricted from voting in the first half of the 20th century
South (USSRG:86,1,2)
-
1707. the party of white supremacy in the American South prior to World War II
Democratic Party (USSRG:86,2,1)
-
1708. How did Dixiecrats react to Harry S. Truman’s civil rights measures?
with protests (USSRG:86,2,1)
-
1709. two laws Lyndon B. Johnson signed that pushed Dixiecrats toward the Republican Party
Civil Rights Act and Voting Rights Act (USSRG:86,2,1)
-
1710. year in which Lyndon B. Johnson signed the Civil Rights Act
1964 (USSRG:86,2,1)
-
1711. year in which Lyndon B. Johnson signed the Voting Rights Act
1965 (USSRG:86,2,1)
-
1712. the first sizable group to break away from the New Deal coalition
white southern Democrats (USSRG:86,2,1)
-
1713. Which part of the New Deal can be considered ‘discrimination by design’?
intentional exclusion of many African Americans from the original Social Security program (USSRG:86,2,2)
-
1714. Why did Franklin D. Roosevelt have to exclude many African Americans from the original Social Security program?
to appease southern white Democrats (USSRG:86,2,2)
-
1715. percentage of African Americans ineligible for the original Social Security program
65% (USSRG:86,2,2)
-
1716. number of African Americans eligible for Social Security’s retirement benefits in 1940
2,300,000 (USSRG:86,2,3)
-
1717. number of workers newly eligible for Social Security after Harry S. Truman’s reforms
10,000,000 (USSRG:86,2,3)
-
1718. percentage by which Harry S. Truman increased Social Security benefits
75% (USSRG:86,2,3)
-
1719. Why did Dwight D. Eisenhower not cut Social Security?
did not want to engender the wrath of the program’s supporters (USSRG:86,2,3)
-
1720. the most popular entitlement program in the United States in 1953
Social Security (USSRG:86,2,3)
-
1721. Harry S. Truman’s successor as President
Dwight D. Eisenhower (USSRG:86,2,3)
-
1722. extension to Social Security under Dwight D. Eisenhower
full, permanent disability coverage for Americans over 50 (USSRG:86,2,3)
-
1723. year in which Lyndon B. Johnson increased Social Security benefits considerably
1965 (USSRG:86,2,3)
-
1724. improvement to Social Security in the 1970s under Jimmy Carter
cost‐of‐living adjustments (USSRG:86,2,3)
-
1725. two new tools of governance with which New Dealers entered World War II
regulation and fiscal management (USSRG:86,2,4)
-
1726. How did Keynesians propose to level the ups and downs of the business cycle?
countercyclical government fiscal policy (USSRG:87,1,0)
-
1727. Whose intellectual tradition did regulators in World War II‐era United States follow?
progressive reformers around 1900 (USSRG:87,1,0)
-
1728. How did regulators in World War II‐era United States seek to cure social and economic inequalities?
legislating the unpredictable behavior of the marketplace (USSRG:87,1,0)
-
1729. How did Keynesians seek to cure social and economic inequalities?
through growth (USSRG:87,1,0)
-
1730. three industries for which the Interstate Commerce Commission was created
railroads, trucking, and water carriers (USSRG:87,1,1)
-
1731. industry for which the Federal Reserve was created
banking (USSRG:87,1,1)
-
1732. Occupational Safety and Health Administration
agency created after World War II to address problems in a broad range of industries (USSRG:87,1,2)
-
1733. full name of the OSHA
Occupational Safety and Health Administration (USSRG:87,1,2)
-
1734. the most significant regulation passed in the United States since World War II
various laws designed to protect consumers from flawed goods (USSRG:87,1,2)
-
1735. time from which the earliest precedent of consumer protection laws dates in the United States
early 1800s (USSRG:87,1,2)
-
1736. New Deal principle on which the concept of consumer protection relies
the government’s responsibility to intervene in case of market failure (USSRG:87,1,2)
-
1737. event after which most consumer protection legislation was passed in the United States
World War II (USSRG:87,1,2)
-
1738. law that the 1962 Kefauver‐Harris Amendment changed
Food Drug and Cosmetic Act (USSRG:87,1,3)
-
1739. change that the Kefauver‐Harris Amendment made to the Food Drug and Cosmetic Act
required more thorough testing of new drugs (USSRG:87,1,3)
-
1740. event that prompted the 1962 Kefauver‐Harris Amendment
increase in birth defects (USSRG:87,1,3)
-
1741. drug responsible for the increase in birth defects that prompted the 1962 Kefauver‐Harris Amendment
thalidomide (USSRG:87,1,3)
-
1742. What public sentiment prompted the National Traffic and Motor Vehicle Safety Act of 1966?
distrust of the market’s ability to find a socially optimal solution (USSRG:87,1,3)
-
1743. two regulations imposed by the 1966 National Traffic and Motor Vehicle Safety Act
safety standards for motor vehicles and their parts, and recalls in case of their violation (USSRG:87,1,3)
-
1744. the most diverse workplaces in the world during World War II
United States defense industries (USSRG:87,2,1)
-
1745. Whose theories gained support through the broad participation in the American economic recovery from the Great Depression?
John Maynard Keynes (USSRG:87,2,1)
-
1746. two government actions John Maynard Keynes believed would restore full employment following a recession
countercyclical spending on public works and measures to increase private investment (USSRG:87,2,1)
-
1747. two of prominent Keynesians during the New Deal
Alvin Hansen and Paul Samuelson (USSRG:87,2,1)
-
1748. How could a government avoid inflation after full employment was reached, according to Alvin Hansen and Paul Samuelson?
cutting spending or increasing taxes (USSRG:87,2,1)
-
1749. the richest country in the world after World War II
the United States (USSRG:87,2,2)
-
1750. How long did United States recessions between 1945 and the mid‐1970s typically last?
a year or less (USSRG:87,2,3)
-
1751. How many times higher was United States manufacturing production in 1965 than in 1945?
2 times (USSRG:87,2,3)
-
1752. How many times higher was United States manufacturing production in 1976 than in 1945?
3 times (USSRG:87,2,3)
-
1753. In which aspect of the American economy did the New Deal have little legacy?
international economics (USSRG:87,2,4)
-
1754. two ways in which Franklin D. Roosevelt promoted international stability as President
signing the Atlantic charter and supporting the United Nations (USSRG:87,2,4)
-
1755. three organizations created to foster a fair and profitable international trade system
World Bank, International Monetary Fund, and General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (USSRG:88,1,0)
-
1756. full name of the IMF
International Monetary Fund (USSRG:88,1,0)
-
1757. full name of the GATT
General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (USSRG:88,1,0)
-
1758. Bretton Woods
economic conference of the Allied nations (USSRG:88,1,1)
-
1759. year in which Bretton Woods took place
1944 (USSRG:88,1,1)
-
1760. state in which Bretton Woods took place
New Hampshire (USSRG:88,1,1)
-
1761. currency established as the principal currency of the world market system at Bretton Woods
United States Dollar (USSRG:88,1,1)
-
1762. year in which the Bretton Woods international monetary system ended
1973 (USSRG:88,1,1)
-
1763. commodity to which the United State dollar was pegged under the Bretton Woods system
gold (USSRG:88,2,0)
-
1764. assumption made by the Bretton Woods international monetary system
United States dollars were desirable globally. (USSRG:88,2,0)
-
1765. year in which Germany and Japan began to amass significant dollar reserves
1965 (USSRG:88,2,1)
-
1766. Why did Germany and Japan begin to amass significant dollar reserves in 1965?
trade surplus with the United States (USSRG:88,2,1)
-
1767. two aspects of the American economy that lessened the appeal of the Bretton Woods system internationally from 1966 to 1970
inflation and trade deficits (USSRG:88,2,1)
-
1768. practice ultimately responsible for the United States’ acceptance of floating exchange rates in 1973
speculation against the United States dollar (USSRG:88,2,1)
-
1769. Why did investors speculate against the United States dollar in the early 1970s?
was thought to be overvalued (USSRG:88,2,1)
-
1770. system which replaced the Bretton Woods agreement
floating exchange rates (USSRG:88,2,1)
-
1771. organization created at Bretton Woods to make loans to war‐ravaged European countries and developing nations
World Bank (USSRG:88,2,2)
-
1772. official name of the World Bank
International Bank for Reconstruction and Development (USSRG:88,2,2)
-
1773. official name of the Marshall Plan
European Recovery Program (USSRG:88,2,2)
-
1774. How much money did the Marshall Plan distribute in Europe?
$13,000,000,000 (USSRG:88,2,2)
-
1775. years during which the Marshall Plan operated
from 1948 to 1952 (USSRG:88,2,2)
-
1776. number of European countries receiving money from the Marshall Plan
16 (USSRG:88,2,2)
-
1777. domestic policy that the Marshall Plan replicated on an international scale
New Deal (USSRG:88,2,2)
-
1778. two advantages secured by the United States through the Marshall Plan
assured allegiance of European countries to the United States and created American export markets (USSRG:88,2,2)
-
1779. proposed post‐World war II organization to reduce barriers to trade among its members
International Trade Organization (USSRG:88,2,3)
-
1780. full name of the ITO
International Trade Organization (USSRG:88,2,3)
-
1781. weaker alliance created instead of the International Trade Organization
General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (USSRG:88,2,3)
-
1782. meeting out of which the International Monetary Fund emerged
Bretton Woods (USSRG:89,1,1)
-
1783. aspect of the International Monetary Fund John Maynard Keynes and United States negotiators disagreed over
how to distribute the burden of keeping the global economy stable (USSRG:89,1,1)
-
1784. five functions of the International Monetary Fund
expand global trade, stabilize exchange rates, lower trade barriers, establish multilateral payment systems, and aid deeply indebted countries (USSRG:89,1,1)
-
1785. In what TWO ways would the International Monetary Fund reduce countries’ international deficits?
financial assistance and strong policy recommendations (USSRG:89,1,1)
-
1786. country that often set conditions for countries to qualify for International Monetary Fund loans
the United States (USSRG:89,1,2)
-
1787. Franklin D. Roosevelt’s Four Freedoms
freedom of speech and religion; freedom from fear and want (USSRG:89,1,4)
-
1788. conflict waged to secure the Four Freedoms, according to Franklin D. Roosevelt
World War II (USSRG:89,1,4)
-
1789. What kind of security did freedom of speech and religion provide?
national security (USSRG:89,2,0)
-
1790. What kind of security did freedom from fear and want provide?
social security (USSRG:89,2,0)
-
1791. the most famous vehicle of World War II
Jeep (USSRG:89,2,1)
-
1792. two effects of the spike in American demand after World War II
rising prices and rapid conversion from military to peacetime production (USSRG:89,2,1)
-
1793. Why did Americans begin to save more during World War II?
The war made them suspend their future plans. (USSRG:89,2,1)
-
1794. committee created by Franklin D. Roosevelt that recommended generous benefits for World War II veterans
Postwar Manpower Committee (USSRG:89,2,2)
-
1795. policy suggested by the Postwar Manpower Committee to keep World War II veterans from going straight to bread lines
large benefits packages (USSRG:89,2,2)
-
1796. total federal spending on American veterans’ benefits from 1944 to 1971
$95,000,000,000 (USSRG:90,1,0)
-
1797. percentage of the American federal budget dedicated to the G.I. Bill in 1948
15% (USSRG:90,1,0)
-
1798. percentage of the American federal workforce working in the Veterans Administration in 1948
18% (USSRG:90,1,0)
-
1799. full name of the VA
Veterans Administration (USSRG:90,1,0)
-
1800. law stipulating large benefits packages for World War II veterans
Servicemen’s Readjustment Act (USSRG:90,1,0)
-
1801. Employment Act of 1946
law requiring the federal government to sustain maximum production, employment, and purchasing power (USSRG:90,1,1)
-
1802. Whom did the Employment Act of 1946 favor in its regulation of price levels relative to wages?
workers (USSRG:90,1,1)
-
1803. How did Social Security support private consumption during periods of high unemployment?
transfer payments (USSRG:90,1,1)
-
1804. Whom did the Employment Act of 1946 make the country’s chief macroeconomic architect?
the president (USSRG:90,1,1)
-
1805. first president to take on a role as the United States’ chief macroeconomic architect
Franklin D. Roosevelt (USSRG:90,1,1)
-
1806. full name of the CEA
Council of Economic Advisors (USSRG:90,1,2)
-
1807. law that created the Council of Economic Advisors
Employment Act of 1946 (USSRG:90,1,2)
-
1808. first chairman of the Council of Economic Advisors
Edwin Nourse (USSRG:90,1,2)
-
1809. Edwin Nourse’s ideological orientation
conservative (USSRG:90,1,2)
-
1810. Why did Harry S. Truman appoint Edwin Nourse as first chairman of the Council of Economic Advisors?
to ease the fears of businessmen and Republicans (USSRG:90,1,2)
-
1811. man appointed to the first Council of Economic Advisors to represent labor’s interests
Leon Keyserling (USSRG:90,1,2)
-
1812. nature of the government’s role in economics, according to Edwin Nourse
scientific (USSRG:90,1,2)
-
1813. nature of the government’s role in economics, according to Leon Keyserling
political (USSRG:90,1,2)
-
1814. By what percentage did Gross National Product fall during the first post‐World War II American recession?
4% (USSRG:90,2,1)
-
1815. How did Harry S. Truman react to the first post‐World War II American recession?
gave military contracts to economically distressed areas (USSRG:90,2,1)
-
1816. level above which the American unemployment rate briefly rose during the first post‐World War II recession
5% (USSRG:90,2,1)
-
1817. John F. Kennedy’s boldest use of Keynesian economic policy
Tax Reduction Act of 1964 (USSRG:90,2,2)
-
1818. president of the United States when the Tax Reduction Act of 1964 was passed
Lyndon B. Johnson (USSRG:90,2,2)
-
1819. John F. Kennedy’s successor
Lyndon B. Johnson (USSRG:90,2,2)
-
1820. month in which the Tax Reduction Act of 1964 was passed
February (USSRG:90,2,2)
-
1821. two actions stipulated by the Tax Reduction Act of 1964
increase spending and decrease taxes (USSRG:90,2,2)
-
1822. the United States’ paramount economic question in 1932
the labor question (USSRG:90,2,3)
-
1823. prospective political party whose chances of forming diminished during the New Deal
Labor Party (USSRG:91,1,1)
-
1824. act of Congress that first subjected unions to federal legislation
Wagner Act (USSRG:91,1,1)
-
1825. two main objectives of unions during the New Deal
full employment and high wages (USSRG:91,1,1)
-
1826. the United States’ response to the labor question after World War II
concept of an American Standard of Living (USSRG:91,1,1)
-
1827. political trend that caused union leaders to push for private pensions and healthcare after World War II
increasing election of Republicans to Congress (USSRG:91,1,2)
-
1828. How many times higher was union membership in the United States in 1945 than in 1933?
five times higher (USSRG:91,1,3)
-
1829. number of unionized workers in the United States in 1945
14,000,000 (USSRG:91,1,3)
-
1830. percentage of American workers unionized in 1945
30% (USSRG:91,1,3)
-
1831. Why did American wages grow more slowly than prices after World War II?
the end of wartime price ceilings (USSRG:91,2,0)
-
1832. company against which the United Autoworkers went on strike in 1946
General Motors (USSRG:91,2,1)
-
1833. How many workers went on strike in 1946?
about 5,000,000 (USSRG:91,2,1)
-
1834. How many work/man days were lost as a result of strikes in 1946?
107,460,000 (USSRG:91,2,1)
-
1835. two types of workplaces in which strikes took place in 1946
mines and factories (USSRG:91,2,1)
-
1836. percentage increase in wages demanded by striking United Auto Workers in 1946
30% (USSRG:91,2,1)
-
1837. Why did striking United Auto Workers demand a 30% increase in wages in 1946?
so that General Motors workers could buy the cars they made (USSRG:91,2,1)
-
1838. percentage increase in wages received by striking United Auto Workers in 1946
18.5% (USSRG:91,2,1)
-
1839. What aim did the 1946 United Auto Workers strike fail to fulfill?
getting General Motors to open its books (USSRG:91,2,1)
-
1840. political party that dominated 1946 congressional elections
Republican Party (USSRG:91,2,2)
-
1841. law also known as the Labor‐Management Relations Act
Taft‐Hartley Act (USSRG:91,2,2)
-
1842. three provisions of the Taft‐Hartley Act
restricted solidarity strikes, let states ban union‐only workplaces, and forbade Communists in unions (USSRG:91,2,2)
-
1843. full name of COLA
cost of living adjustment (USSRG:92,1,1)
-
1844. full name of AIF
annual improvement factor (USSRG:92,1,1)
-
1845. year in which the Treaty of Detroit was agreed upon
1950 (USSRG:92,1,1)
-
1846. two parties to the 1950 Treaty of Detroit
General Motors and the United Autoworkers (USSRG:92,1,1)
-
1847. full name of GM
General Motors (USSRG:92,1,1)
-
1848. percentage of labor contracts including cost‐of‐living adjustments and annual improvement factors in 1960
50% (USSRG:92,1,1)
-
1849. the principal focus of contract negotiation in 1960
graduated increases in wages (USSRG:92,1,1)
-
1850. year in which the American Federation of Labor and Committee for Industrial Organization merged
1955 (USSRG:92,1,1)
-
1851. How long after the American Federation of Labor‐Committee for Industrial Organization split did the two remerge?
20 years (USSRG:92,1,1)
-
1852. primary source of social and political change in the 1960s United States
civil rights activists (USSRG:92,1,1)
-
1853. two factors that contributed to the growth of the American middle class after World War II
governmentʹs commitment to welfare and international political circumstances (USSRG:92,1,3)
-
1854. American industry in which prospects for personal advancement were high during and after World War II
military industries (USSRG:92,1,3)
-
1855. number of World War II veterans who bought farms or started businesses using G.I. Bill money
200,000 (USSRG:92,2,1)
-
1856. demographic in the military industries most likely to enter the American middle class during and after World War II
whites (USSRG:92,2,1)
-
1857. two factors contributing to the increase in American consumer goods available during the Cold War
cheap raw materials from abroad and new production techniques (USSRG:92,2,2)
-
1858. three factors contributing to increasing American wages during the Cold War
social security, secure union wages, and veterans’ benefits (USSRG:92,2,2)
-
1859. most important factor in the American consumers’ republic of the Cold War era
expansion of home ownership (USSRG:92,2,3)
-
1860. three federal programs that helped expand home ownership after World War II
Home Owners Loan Corporation, Veterans Administration, and Federal Housing Administration (USSRG:92,2,3)
-
1861. 1862 law to which the G.I. Bill’s effect on home ownership was compared
Homestead Act (USSRG:92,2,3)
-
1862. Which historian first compared the G.I. Bill’s effect on home ownership with the Homestead Act?
Michael Bennet (USSRG:92,2,3)
-
1863. Michael Bennet’s profession
historian (USSRG:92,2,3)
-
1864. How many World War II veterans purchased homes under the G.I. Bill?
60,000,000 (USSRG:92,2,4)
-
1865. How did the Federal Housing Administration encourage banks to make home loans?
insuring them against losses (USSRG:92,2,4)
-
1866. How many families purchased houses under the Federal Housing Administration between 1945 and 1972?
11,000,000 (USSRG:92,2,4)
-
1867. How many families upgraded their properties under the Federal Housing Administration between 1945 and 1972?
22,000,000 (USSRG:92,2,4)
-
1868. number of condominiums and apartments insured by the Federal Housing Administration
1,800,000 (USSRG:92,2,4)
-
1869. 1945 United States home ownership rate
44% (USSRG:92,2,4)
-
1870. 1972 United States home ownership rate
63% (USSRG:92,2,4)
-
1871. number of new homes built in the United States between 1944 and 1954
13,000,000 (USSRG:92,2,4)
-
1872. Levitt and Sons
building company that used mass production techniques during World War II (USSRG:92,2,5)
-
1873. For whom did Levitt and Sons build housing during World War II?
war workers (USSRG:92,2,5)
-
1874. town created by Levitt and Sons after World War II
Levittown, New York (USSRG:92,2,5)
-
1875. baby boom
increase in birth rate following World War II (USSRG:93,1,0)
-
1876. cause of the baby boom
political and economic circumstances (USSRG:93,1,0)
-
1877. For how long after World War II did most Americans marry early and have large families?
20 years (USSRG:93,1,0)
-
1878. percentage of Americans with at least one year of college living outside their home state after World War II
45% (USSRG:93,2,1)
-
1879. percentage of Americans with a high school diploma living outside their home state after World War II
27.3% (USSRG:93,2,1)
-
1880. primary loyalty of Americans after the Cold War
loyalty to the nuclear family (USSRG:93,2,0)
-
1881. number of American college graduates at the beginning of World War II
160,000 (USSRG:93,2,2)
-
1882. number of American college graduates in 1950
500,000 (USSRG:93,2,2)
-
1883. year in which the G.I. Bill had the greatest impact
1947 (USSRG:93,2,2)
-
1884. number of American veterans enrolled in college in 1947
1,800,000 (USSRG:93,2,2)
-
1885. percentage of American college students that were veterans in 1947
70% (USSRG:93,2,2)
-
1886. legislation responsible for creating today’s “black bourgeoisie”
G.I. Bill (USSRG:93,2,2)
-
1887. number of American engineers schooled under the G.I. Bill
400,000 (USSRG:93,2,2)
-
1888. number of American teachers schooled under the G.I. Bill
200,000 (USSRG:93,2,2)
-
1889. number of American scientists schooled under the G.I. Bill
90,000 (USSRG:93,2,2)
-
1890. number of American doctors and dentists schooled under the G.I. Bill
82,000 (USSRG:93,2,2)
-
1891. Why did New Dealers postpone their healthcare proposals in the 1930s?
anticipated political obstacles (USSRG:93,2,3)
-
1892. majority party in Congress after the 1948 elections
Democratic Party (USSRG:93,2,3)
-
1893. full name of the AMA
American Medical Association (USSRG:93,2,3)
-
1894. organization that campaigned against Harry S. Truman’s national health insurance program
American Medical Association (USSRG:93,2,3)
-
1895. percentage of the average retired American’s income supplied by Social Security during the Fair Deal
30% (USSRG:93,2,3)
-
1896. fraction of the under‐65 workforce covered by private health insurance in the 1960s
two‐thirds (USSRG:94,1,1)
-
1897. organizations that helped American workers obtain private health insurance during the Cold War
unions (USSRG:94,1,1)
-
1898. post‐World War II decade in which unionized manufacturing industries declined
1970s (USSRG:94,1,1)
-
1899. peak number of unionized workers receiving employer health insurance in the United States
40,000,000 (USSRG:94,1,1)
-
1900. peak percentage of private health insurance paid for by employers in the United States
70% (USSRG:94,1,1)
-
1901. year in which John F. Kennedy promised to reform healthcare for the elderly
1960 (USSRG:94,1,2)
-
1902. Lyndon B. Johnson’s reform program that included healthcare reform
Great Society (USSRG:94,1,2)
-
1903. healthcare program for the elderly begun under Lyndon B. Johnson
Medicare (USSRG:94,1,2)
-
1904. healthcare program for the poor begun under Lyndon B. Johnson
Medicaid (USSRG:94,1,2)
-
1905. Why did non‐unionized companies offer their employees pensions during and after the New Deal?
to prevent unionization (USSRG:94,1,3)
-
1906. percentage of American workers in pension programs in 1945
19% (USSRG:94,1,3)
-
1907. percentage of American workers in pension programs in 1970
45% (USSRG:94,1,3)
-
1908. first year in which pensions were a point of conflict in collective bargaining in the United States
1980 (USSRG:94,1,3)
-
1909. pension
amassing of savings for long‐term investment (USSRG:94,1,4)
-
1910. fraction of all American stock market transactions carried out by mutual funds in the 1960s
one‐fourth (USSRG:94,2,0)
-
1911. number of mutual funds in 1982 in the United States
340 (USSRG:94,2,0)
-
1912. number of mutual funds in 1998 in the United States
over 3500 (USSRG:94,2,0)
-
1913. United States law regulating retirement plans
Employee Retirement Income Security Act (USSRG:94,2,1)
-
1914. year in which the Employee Retirement Income Security Act was passed
1974 (USSRG:94,2,1)
-
1915. financial innovation that allowed American workers to choose the risk level of their retirement plan
401(k) (USSRG:94,2,1)
-
1916. percentage of American families owning stock in 1960
10% (USSRG:94,2,1)
-
1917. percentage of American families owning stock in 2000
over 50% (USSRG:94,2,1)
-
1918. percentage of United States wealth held as stock in 2000
over 25% (USSRG:94,2,1)
-
1919. Charles Merrill
founder of Merrill, Lynch, Pierce, Fenner, and Smith (USSRG:94,2,2)
-
1920. How did Charles Merrill eliminate self‐interest amongst his sales staff?
by eliminating commissions (USSRG:94,2,2)
-
1921. Merrill Lynch’s slogan
“own your share of America” (USSRG:94,2,2)
-
1922. United States company that promoted “people’s capitalism” in the 1950s
Merrill Lynch (USSRG:94,2,2)
-
1923. financially‐themed board game released in the 1950s
The World of Wall Street (USSRG:94,2,3)
-
1924. How did the percentage of stock‐holding Americans after World War II compare to that of other first‐world countries?
three to four times higher (USSRG:94,2,3)
-
1925. two banking practices that helped achieve a long period of stability for banks after World War II
conservative investment and high reserve ratios (USSRG:95,1,1)
-
1926. type of account on which New Deal regulations prohibited interest
commercial checking accounts (USSRG:95,1,1)
-
1927. full name of Fannie Mae
Federal National Mortgage Association (USSRG:95,1,1)
-
1928. specialty of Fannie Mae
housing loans (USSRG:95,1,1)
-
1929. the 3‐6‐3 rule’s suggested deposit interest rate
3% (USSRG:95,1,1)
-
1930. the 3‐6‐3 rule’s suggested mortgage interest rate
6% (USSRG:95,1,1)
-
1931. time by which bankers should arrive at the golf course, according to the 3‐6‐3 rule
3:00 p.m. (USSRG:95,1,1)
-
1932. sector of the American economy thought to be perfectly competitive during the 19th century
agriculture (USSRG:95,2,0)
-
1933. two factors contributing to hardship amongst American farmers beginning in the 1880s
expanding supply and declining prices (USSRG:95,2,0)
-
1934. year in which Franklin D. Roosevelt’s Second Agricultural Adjustment Act was passed
1938 (USSRG:95,2,1)
-
1935. goal of the Second Agricultural Adjustment Act
to restore full agricultural production (USSRG:95,2,1)
-
1936. event that erased the problem of surplus in American agriculture
World War II (USSRG:95,2,1)
-
1937. year in which American agricultural overproduction first resurfaced as a problem after World War II
1948 (USSRG:95,2,2)
-
1938. Dwight D. Eisenhower’s party
Republican Party (USSRG:95,2,2)
-
1939. two groups for which Dwight D. Eisenhower allowed food prices to vary as president
urban consumers and free‐market conservatives (USSRG:95,2,2)
-
1940. year in which the Soil Bank Act was passed
1956 (USSRG:95,2,3)
-
1941. To whom did the Soil Bank Act of 1956 give federal subsidies?
farmers who took land out of production (USSRG:95,2,3)
-
1942. program in which the Soil Bank Act of 1956 was rooted
soil conservation program during the Dust Bowl (USSRG:95,2,3)
-
1943. 1961 United States law that offered subsidies for taking land out of production
Emergency Feed Grain Bill (USSRG:95,2,3)
-
1944. 1965 United States law that offered subsidies for taking land out of production
Food and Agriculture Act (USSRG:95,2,3)
-
1945. How did American farmers compensate for the loss in productive acreage caused by subsidies?
aggressively cultivating their land still in production (USSRG:95,2,3)
-
1946. cause of the decline of agriculture in the American economy
industrial expansion (USSRG:96,1,1)
-
1947. When did the decline of agriculture in the American economy begin?
early 19th century (USSRG:96,1,1)
-
1948. How did increases in real income affect spending on food in the United States in the 1970s and 1980s?
made food a smaller portion of expenditures (USSRG:96,1,1)
-
1949. In what TWO ways did the use of workers in agriculture change in as technology improved?
became less necessary and more expensive (USSRG:96,1,2)
-
1950. technique that decreased sharecroppers’ competitiveness in the American South
chemical defoliation of cotton plants (USSRG:96,1,2)
-
1951. advance in tomato production that allowed mechanical harvesting
tougher skin (USSRG:96,1,2)
-
1952. three American groups that expedited technological improvements in agriculture after World War II
Department of Agriculture, state agencies, and college research facilities (USSRG:96,1,2)
-
1953. United States government agency with the biggest effect on the American people over the last 50 years
Federal Housing Administration (USSRG:96,1,3)
-
1954. How did the Federal Housing Administration’s refusal to insure red‐lined districts affect those areas?
expedited their decay (USSRG:96,2,0)
-
1955. How many times more mortgage insurance did St. Louis suburbs receive than the city itself between 1933 and 1960?
5 times (USSRG:96,2,0)
-
1956. number of buildings demolished in American urban renewal plans between 1949 and 1967
400,000 (USSRG:96,2,1)
-
1957. number of people displaced in American urban renewal plans between 1949 and 1967
1,400,000 (USSRG:96,2,1)
-
1958. How did American politicians and city planners react to the decay of urban areas after World War II?
with urban renewal programs (USSRG:96,2,1)
-
1959. the biggest beneficiaries of the New Deal
white working‐ and middle‐class men and their families (USSRG:96,2,2)
-
1960. United States president who began the war on poverty
Lyndon B. Johnson (USSRG:96,2,2)
-
1961. year in which the Economic Opportunity Act was passed
1964 (USSRG:96,2,2)
-
1962. law that contained most of Lyndon B. Johnson’s anti‐poverty programs
Economic Opportunity Act (USSRG:96,2,2)
-
1963. three provisions of the Economic Opportunity Act
opened training camps, gave grants to small farmers and businesses, and supported local anti‐poverty programs (USSRG:96,2,2)
-
1964. effect of the Economic Opportunity Act on the New Deal coalition
caused former allies to leave the coalition (USSRG:96,2,2)
-
1965. side‐effect of over‐employment according to Keynes
inflation (USSRG:97,1,0)
-
1966. conflict whose cost increased shortly after John F. Kennedy’s tax cut
Vietnam War (USSRG:97,1,1)
-
1967. chair of the Council of Economic Advisers under Lyndon B. Johnson
Walter Heller (USSRG:97,1,1)
-
1968. full name of OPEC
Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries (USSRG:97,2,0)
-
1969. year in which the Yom Kippur War took place
1973 (USSRG:97,2,0)
-
1970. stagflation
simultaneous inflation and economic stagnation (USSRG:97,2,0)
-
1971. four possible reasons for the American stagflation in the 1970s
rising oil prices, declining industrial competitiveness, cost of the Vietnam War, and cost of the war on poverty (USSRG:97,2,1)
-
1972. group that believed special interest groups were taking jobs and money from mainstream Americans in the 1970s
Silent Majority (USSRG:97,2,1)
-
1973. taxpayer revolts
demonstrations by those who believed that minorities controlled the government and wanted small government during the 1970s (USSRG:97,2,1)
-
1974. poster child of American industrial dominance after World War II
automobile industry (USSRG:97,2,2)
-
1975. three factors in the decline of American dominance in the automobile industry during the 1970s
German and Japanese competition, rising oil prices, and outsourcing to low‐wage labor sources (USSRG:97,2,2)
-
1976. Why did conservative politicians resist unionization in the Sunbelt after World War II?
to keep the region competitive in the labor market (USSRG:98,1,0)
-
1977. Ronald Reagan’s successor as president
George H. W. Bush (USSRG:98,1,1)
-
1978. economic approach favored by Ronald Reagan
supply‐side economics (USSRG:98,1,2)
-
1979. Ronald Reagan’s chief economist
Arthur Laffer (USSRG:98,1,2)
-
1980. Ronald Reagan’s 1981 tax cut legislation
Economic Recovery Tax Act (USSRG:98,2,0)
-
1981. effect of Reagan’s economic policies on wealth distribution
redistributed money from the poor to the rich (USSRG:98,2,0)
-
1982. problem states encountered in trying to regulate the economy on their own under Ronald Reagan
insufficient budget (USSRG:98,2,1)
-
1983. policy that partially caused the Savings and Loan Crisis from 1986 to 1989
elimination of geographic restrictions on investment firms (USSRG:98,2,1)
-
1984. full name of the FAA
Federal Aviation Administration (USSRG:98,2,2)
-
1985. types of area in which financial services disappeared after the deregulation of banks under Ronald Reagan
central urban areas (USSRG:99,1,0)
-
1986. shift of services once in the public domain to individual ownership
privatization (USSRG:99,1,0)
-
1987. Why did the most recent attempt to privatize Social Security to lose steam?
a series of corporate scandals (USSRG:99,1,3)
-
1988. two industries that triggered the recent first American depression since the Great Depression
banking and mortgage industries (USSRG:99,2,0)
-
1989. generation whose members benefit from Social Security, making it politically difficult to dismantle
Baby Boom generation (USSRG:99,1,3)
-
1990. first decade in which the ratio of Social Security beneficiaries to supporters strained the system
1970s (USSRG:99,1,3)
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