social science section 2

601. date of Franklin D. Roosevelt’s inauguration

602. essential message of Franklin D. Roosevelt’s politics

603. What commitment did Franklin D. Roosevelt offer Americans with his New Deal?

604. President who stayed in office longer than any other in American history

605. How many terms did Franklin D. Roosevelt serve as United States President?

606. the “Third American Revolution”

607. How does historian William E. Leuchtenberg describe Franklin D. Roosevelt?

608. year in which Japan invaded Manchuria

609. When did the Dow reach its all‐time lowest level?

610. lowest‐ever level reached by the Dow

611. Which American car company had its worst year ever in 1931?

612. number of cars produced by the Ford Motor Company in 1929

613. number of cars produced by the Ford Motor Company in 1931

614. Ford Motor Company plant at which police opened fire on protestors in 1931

615. How many people were killed when police opened fire on protestors outside the Ford Dearborn plant?

616. In which city did 6,000 protestors fill the streets singing “The Internationale” in 1932?

617. The Internationale

618. John Reed Clubs

619. American city in which the first John Reed Clubs were founded in 1932

620. How many consecutive Republican administrations preceded Franklin D. Roosevelt’s election?

621. Which United States president said that “the business of government is business”?

622. 1932 law setting aside $150 million to prevent home foreclosures

623. 1932 law setting aside $750 million in gold reserves for business recovery

624. two Hoover policies that counteracted his recovery measures

625. Chicago’s mayor in 1932

626. Republican candidate for United States President in 1932

627. American city in which the Republican Party Convention was held in 1932

628. the only American presidential candidate to date who had won by a wider margin than Franklin Roosevelt did in 1932

629. percentage of the popular vote garnered by Franklin D. Roosevelt in 1932

630. number of electoral votes won by Franklin D. Roosevelt in 1932

631. What promise did Franklin D. Roosevelt make with regard to the federal budget during the United States’ 1932 presidential election?

632. Franklin D. Roosevelt’s view of the gold standard during the United States’ 1932 presidential election

633. candidate in the United States’ 1932 presidential election advocating more equitable income distribution

634. building in which an assassin shot at Franklin Roosevelt in February 1933

635. Giuseppe Zangara

636. politician killed by Giuseppe Zangara in February 1933

637. Why was Franklin Roosevelt in Florida in February 1933?

638. number of shots Giuseppe Zangara fire at Franklin Roosevelt in his assassination attempt

639. Giuseppe Zangara’s job

640. Why did Giuseppe Zangara attempt to kill Franklin Roosevelt?

641. How long before Franklin Roosevelt’s inauguration did Giuseppe Zangara attempt to kill him?

642. How many years did Franklin D. Roosevelt spend as President of the United States?

643. two factors contributing to the longevity of Franklin D. Roosevelt’s legacy

644. Which anti‐New Deal president intentionally based his personal style on Franklin D. Roosevelt’s?

645. state that Franklin D. Roosevelt’s family came from

646. year in which Franklin D. Roosevelt was born

647. Where was the family estate in which Franklin D. Roosevelt grew up situated?

648. Roosevelt family investments that underpinned their wealth

649. Why were the Roosevelts unconventional among American financial aristocrats of their day?

650. Franklin D. Roosevelt’s father

651. year in which James Roosevelt married his second wife

652. Franklin D. Roosevelt’s mother

653. two positions James Roosevelt held in public service

654. age at which James Roosevelt married Sara Delano

655. prep school from which Franklin D. Roosevelt graduated

656. university from which Franklin D. Roosevelt graduated

657. law school that Franklin D. Roosevelt attended

658. For how many years did Franklin D. Roosevelt attend Columbia Law School?

659. Franklin D. Roosevelt’s first priority in university

660. job that Franklin D. Roosevelt took after passing the bar

661. cousin of Franklin D. Roosevelt’s and former President of the United States

662. twenty‐sixth President of the United States

663. Which family member of Franklin D. Roosevelt’s objected to his entry into politics?

664. Franklin D. Roosevelt’s political party

665. office Franklin D. Roosevelt won in 1910

666. office to which Franklin D. Roosevelt was appointed in 1913

667. Why was Franklin D. Roosevelt unable to join the military in 1918?

668. field that Franklin D. Roosevelt considered entering after World War I ended

669. office for which Franklin Roosevelt ran in 1920

670. Democratic Party’s nominee for President of the United States in 1920

671. What disease did Franklin Roosevelt contract in 1921?

672. Where was Franklin Roosevelt when he contracted polio?

673. polio

674. official name for polio

675. How does polio affect its victims?

676. Which group was most affected by polio during the late 19th and early 20th century?

677. When did major polio epidemics begin in the United States and Europe?

678. When was a vaccine invented for polio?

679. inventor of the polio vaccine

680. device that helped Franklin Roosevelt stand again after he contracted polio

681. Frances Perkins

682. Eleanor Roosevelt

683. How were Franklin D. and Eleanor Roosevelt related prior to their marriage?

684. year in which Franklin D. and Eleanor Roosevelt began dating

685. year in which Franklin D. and Eleanor Roosevelt married

686. How many children did Franklin D. and Eleanor Roosevelt have?

687. Lucy Mercer

688. In which year was Franklin D. Roosevelt’s affair with Lucy Mercer discovered?

689. How did Franklin D. and Eleanor Roosevelt’s marriage change after the former’s affair was discovered?

690. With which organization was Eleanor Roosevelt most prominently associated?

691. When did Franklin D. Roosevelt die?

692. Who was with Franklin D. Roosevelt when he died?

693. Harvard’s college newspaper for which Franklin D. Roosevelt worked

694. nickname given to Franklin D. Roosevelt during his run for the New York State Senate

695. Franklin Roosevelt’s publicity manager and closest advisor

696. Louis McHenry Howe’s job in 1910

697. city in which Louis McHenry Howe worked in 1910

698. Why was Franklin D. Roosevelt nicknamed “Galahad of the insurgency” during his bid for the New York State Senate?

699. What sort of image did Franklin D. Roosevelt portray during his election campaigns?

700. When did Franklin D. Roosevelt first come to the attention of the national press?

701. In which year did Franklin D. Roosevelt first use the radio as a means of political messaging?

702. four United States presidents that used the radio to address their constituents before Franklin D. Roosevelt

703. Which politicians dominated the New York state legislature while Franklin D. Roosevelt was the state’s governor?

704. How did Franklin D. Roosevelt work around the conservative state legislature when he was governor of New York?

705. fireside chats

706. How long were Franklin D. Roosevelt’s fireside chats?

707. Which political movement was at its zenith when Franklin D. Roosevelt entered politics?

708. county in which Franklin D. Roosevelt ran for New York state Senate

709. the predominant political party in New York’s Duchess County in 1910

710. political philosophy of Theodore Roosevelt’s which Franklin D. Roosevelt admired

711. Charles Evan Hughes’ political party

712. governmental office to which Charles Evan Hughes was appointed in 1910

713. Whose Presidential nomination was Franklin D. Roosevelt instrumental in securing in 1912?

714. To which office was Franklin D. Roosevelt appointed by Woodrow Wilson?

715. two skills Franklin D. Roosevelt learned as Assistant Secretary of the Navy

716. town in which Franklin D. Roosevelt restored a resort after the 1920 presidential election

717. purpose of the resort Franklin D. Roosevelt restored in Warm Springs, Georgia

718. job Franklin D. Roosevelt held after his loss in the 1920 presidential election

719. Democratic nominee for President of the United States in 1924

720. What position did Al Smith encourage Franklin D. Roosevelt to run for 1928?

721. Why did Al Smith want Franklin D. Roosevelt to run for New York governor in 1928?

722. the largest state in the United States in 1928

723. Franklin D. Roosevelt’s view of the role of government

724. Franklin D. Roosevelt’s position on monopolies

725. What unprecedented legislation did Franklin D. Roosevelt pass as Governor of New York?

726. In which year was Franklin D. Roosevelt elected to his second term as New York governor?

727. Franklin D. Roosevelt’s position on budget deficits

728. number of unemployed New Yorkers during Franklin D. Roosevelt’s second term as governor

729. How did Franklin D. Roosevelt react to the worsening Depression while New York governor?

730. How did Franklin D. Roosevelt generate new ideas for government programs as Governor of New York?

731. How did the role of Franklin D. Roosevelt’s brain trust change after he became President?

732. How much did the brain trust’s policies improve New York’s economy?

733. How did the brain trust’s policies affect public perception of Franklin D. Roosevelt?

734. When did Franklin D. Roosevelt begin preparing for his first presidential campaign?

735. Why did Franklin D. Roosevelt abandon previous positions on the League of Nations during the 1932 presidential election?

736. Which columnist condemned Franklin D. Roosevelt’s change of position on the League of Nations?

737. Walter Lipmann’s job

738. Civilian Conversation Corps

739. Securities and Exchange Commission

740. Tennessee Valley Authority

741. Rural Electrification Act

742. Which constitutional amendment did the 21st amendment repeal?

743. Which constitutional amendment repealed Prohibition?

744. Which of his principles was Franklin D. Roosevelt willing to sacrifice for the sake of public welfare?

745. Which period of an American president’s term is often used as an early gauge of their effectiveness?

746. labor and women’s rights advocate in Franklin D. Roosevelt’s brain trust

747. Harry L. Hopkins’ job

748. Harold Ickes

749. school at which Raymond Moley taught

750. two economists on Franklin D. Roosevelt’s brain trust

751. president Edward M. House had advised before joining Franklin D. Roosevelt’s brain trust

752. Edward M. House’s military rank

753. Franklin D. Roosevelt’s long‐time advisor who joined his brain trust

754. Franklin D. Roosevelt’s Treasury Secretary

755. Henry Morgenthau’s special assistant

756. school at which Jacob Viner worked prior to joining Franklin D. Roosevelt’s administration

757. five economists who served as informal advisors to Franklin D. Roosevelt during his time as President

758. Why was Laughlin Currie refused tenure at Harvard?

759. When did the council of economic advisors formally become part of the United States government?

760. small executive office staffed extensively with academic talent under Franklin D. Roosevelt

761. Alvin Hansen

762. six lawyers who joined the National Resources Board under Franklin D. Roosevelt

763. office William O. Douglas would hold after joining the National Resource Board

764. office Louis Brandeis held when he joined the National Resources Board

765. office Lyndon Baines Johnson would hold after his time on the National Resource Board

766. Who was responsible for guiding Franklin D. Roosevelt’s economic policy through the legislative process?

767. Raymond Moley’s job prior to joining Franklin D. Roosevelt’s administration

768. What criterion was Franklin D. Roosevelt’s primary concern when evaluating policy proposals?

769. How did Franklin D. Roosevelt’s attitude toward his advisors affect New Deal policy?

770. historian who first distinguished between the “first” and “second” New Deals

771. the three Rs of New Deal policies

772. What meeting did Franklin D. Roosevelt call immediately after his inauguration?

773. Which types of transactions were postponed between March 6 and 9, 1933?

774. What measure did Franklin D. Roosevelt take immediately after his inauguration?

775. How did the Emergency Banking Act impact Franklin D. Roosevelt’s declaration of a national bank holiday?

776. action penalized by the Emergency Banking Act

777. Whose advice did Franklin D. Roosevelt follow in crafting his economic policies immediately after his inauguration?

778. documents whose issuance was authorized by the Emergency Banking Act

779. Whom did the Emergency Banking Act primarily assist?

780. length of bank holiday declared by Franklin D. Roosevelt in March 1933

781. day on which Congress convened for the first time following Franklin D. Roosevelt’s inauguration

782. How long did Congressional debate on the Emergency Banking Act last?

783. day on which the Emergency Banking Act was signed into law

784. How many Americans listened to Franklin D. Roosevelt’s fireside chat following the passage of the Emergency Banking Act?

785. message of Franklin D. Roosevelt’s fireside chat following the passage of the Emergency Banking Act

786. Who said that “capitalism was saved in eight days” by the Emergency Banking Act?

787. Why was Franklin D. Roosevelt able to pursue broader economic policy initiatives immediately after his inauguration?

788. full name of the FERA

789. purpose of the Federal Emergency Relief Administration

790. organization after which the Federal Emergency Relief Administration was modeled

791. state in which the Temporary Emergency Relief Administration was created

792. head of the Federal Emergency Relief Administration

793. the most powerful man in Franklin D. Roosevelt’s administration during his second term

794. Henry Hopkins’s job prior to heading the Federal Emergency Relief Administration

795. amount of money the Federal Emergency Relief Administration gave to state and local agencies

796. Which government program bailed out bankrupt coal towns in Illinois during the Great Depression?

797. principal goal of the Federal Emergency Relief Administration

798. number of bridges built or repaired with Federal Emergency Relief Administration money

799. number of buildings built or repaired with Federal Emergency Relief Administration money

800. number of adults taught to read and write with Federal Emergency Relief Administration money

801. full name of the CWA

802. full name of the CCC

803. full name of the PWA

804. goal of Civil Works Administration, Civilian Conservation Corps, and Public Works Administration

805. When did the Civil Works Administration reach its height?

806. How many people did the Civil Works Administration employ at its height?

807. How many miles of roads did the Civil Works Administration build or upgrade?

808. How many schools did the Civil Works Administration build or upgrade?

809. How many playgrounds and athletic fields did the Civil Works Administration build or upgrade?

810. How many airports did the Civil Works Administration build or upgrade?

811. city in which the Civil Works Administration hired all unemployed teachers there during the Great Depression

812. job for which the Civil Works Administration hired 94 Kodiak Islands Native Americans

813. means test

814. How long did the Civil Works Administration last?

815. Why did most federal work programs pay less than the minimum wage?

816. How did the public reaction to the Civilian Conservation Corps differ from that to Civil Works Administration?

817. When was the Civilian Conservation Corps created?

818. number of young men employed by the Civilian Conservation Corps

819. five jobs Civilian Conservation Corps employees performed

820. To what demographic did most Civilian Conservation Corps employees belong?

821. Which department of the federal government oversaw Civilian Conservation Corps camps?

822. purpose of the Public Works Administration

823. law that created the Public Works Administration

824. full name of the NIRA

825. program with activities similar to those of the Public Works Administration

826. years in which the Public Works Administration operated

827. percentage of all new schools built by the Public Works Administration between 1933 and 1939 in the United States

828. percentage of all new hospitals built by the Public Works Administration between 1933 and 1939 in the United States

829. percentage of all new court houses, city halls, and sewage plants built by the Public Works Administration between 1933 and 1939 in the United States

830. two aspects prioritized over speed of completion in the Public Works Administration

831. director of the Public Works Administration

832. Harold Ickes’s nickname

833. government organization that cleared slums and built low‐cost urban housing during the Great Depression

834. How did critics view jobs in the Public Works Administration, Civil Works Administration, and Civilian Conservation Corps?

835. What assumption underlying the New Deal made it different from earlier economic policies?

836. Which priority often took precedence over efficiency for New Deal work relief programs?

837. number of Americans unemployed during the Great Depression

838. three attitudes caused by involuntary idleness in many unemployed Americans during the Great Depression

839. Why did Harry L. Hopkins believe giving Americans money in return for nothing was harmful?

840. government policy on banking that Franklin D. Roosevelt had opposed prior to his election as president

841. date on which Franklin D. Roosevelt signed the Glass‐Steagall Banking Act

842. Which two financial fields did the Glass‐Steagall Banking Act separate?

843. Why did the Glass‐Steagall Banking Act separate commercial and investment banking?

844. organization created by the Glass‐Steagall Banking Act

845. full name of the FDIC

846. function of the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation

847. maximum amount insurable by the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation at its inception

848. two congressmen who introduced the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation into legislation

849. state which Arthur Vandenberg represented

850. state which Henry Steagall represented

851. purpose of the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation

852. Why is the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation widely known today?

853. When was the next time after the Great Depression that bank panics occurred in the United States?

854. caveat emptor

855. In which year did the Senate question J. P. Morgan about the stock market crash of 1929?

856. the world’s most famous financier in 1933

857. 1933 law regulating financial markets

858. Which body supervised the issuance of new securities under the 1933 Securities Act?

859. Who was made criminally liable for fraudulent stocks by the 1933 Securities Act?

860. Who asked Congress to create the Securities and Exchange Commission?

861. act of Congress that created the Securities and Exchange Commission

862. full name of the SEC

863. purpose of the Securities and Exchange Commission

864. Why was the Securities and Exchange Commission unable to eliminate all fraud on Wall Street?

865. Henry A. Wallace

866. three agricultural interest groups that sought the help of Henry A. Wallace

867. depression‐era law to protect farmers

868. full name of the 1933 AAA

869. Why did farmers want the money supply to increase during the Great Depression?

870. aim of the Agricultural Adjustment Act

871. mechanism through which the Agricultural Adjustment Act sought to increase prices of agricultural products

872. How would farms’ output be affected under the Agricultural Adjustment Act?

873. How were the farm subsidies in the Agricultural Adjustment Act paid for?

874. farmers’ view of the Agricultural Adjustment Act

875. How did farmers’ incomes in 1936 compare to that of 1933?

876. Why did agricultural prices increase between 1933 and 1936?

877. How many acres of cotton had to be destroyed because of the Agricultural Adjustment Act?

878. two types of farmers who most benefited from federal subsidies under the Agricultural Adjustment Act

879. What percentage of their federal farm subsidies did southern landowners retain during the Great Depression?

880. How many tenants worked on farms in the South during the Great Depression?

881. How many African American tenants worked on farms in the South during the Great Depression?

882. Why were many tenants in the South evicted after the passage of the Agricultural Adjustment Act?

883. Which sector of the economy went neglected during the first two months of Franklin D. Roosevelt’s presidency?

884. Senator who convinced Congress to limit the work week to 32 hours

885. state Hugo Black represented

886. government office to which Hugo Black was appointed after his time as a Senator

887. How did Franklin D. Roosevelt reach a decision on his brain trust’s two different industrial plans?

888. Which laws did the National Industrial Recovery Act suspend?

889. the law Franklin D. Roosevelt’s brain trust came up with to help American industry

890. agreements seen as illegally collusion under anti‐trust laws

891. What THREE types of regulations did the National Industrial Recovery Act allow industries to set for themselves?

892. Which section of the National Industrial Recovery Act assured workers representation in the workplace?

893. collective bargaining

894. Why did the National Industrial Recovery Act assure workers representation in the workplace?

895. On which relationship did the National Industrial Recovery Act rely?

896. How many major laws did Franklin D. Roosevelt pass during his first 100 days as president?

897. How often did Franklin D. Roosevelt meet with his cabinet during his first 100 days as president?

898. What event followed Franklin D. Roosevelt’s cabinet meetings during his first 100 days as president?

899. the United States’ most respected liberal commentator during the Great Depression

900. economic theory that compensates for falling private demand by boosting government spending

901. primary goal of Franklin D. Roosevelt’s economic policy during the Great Depression

902. countercyclical fiscal policy during a recession

903. When did the United States first practice countercyclical fiscal policy?

904. the main economic problem Franklin D. Roosevelt saw when he first became president

905. two acts of Congress that restricted production and competition during the Great Depression

906. mature capitalism

907. theory supporting mature capitalism

908. How strongly did the injection of federal money during the Great Depression affect the American economy?

909. Why was the injection of federal money during the Great Depression not very effective?

910. In what way did states negate government spending during the Great Depression?

911. Why did states increasingly cut spending during the New Deal?

912. In how many years did federal spending outweigh state budget contractions from 1933 to 1940?

913. Who proved that federal spending outweighed state budget contractions in only two years between 1933 and 1940?

914. Cary Brown’s occupation

915. Which action of President Hoover’s limited the New Deal’s ability to expand demand?

916. How did President Roosevelt’s advisor Alvin Hansen describe the New Deal?

917. What observation did economist Cary Brown make about demand management during the 1930s?

918. Franklin D. Roosevelt’s most successful Great Depression recovery program

919. full name of the TVA

920. When did Congress create the Tennessee Valley Authority?

921. Which kind of American politicians had lobbied hardest to build a hydropower and irrigation dam in the 1930s?

922. politician who lobbied most prominently in favor of building a hydropower and irrigation dam in the 1930s

923. state George Norris represented

924. George Norris’s government position

925. two entrepreneurs who had been in favor of building a hydropower and irrigation dam during the 1920s

926. Samuel Insull’s occupation

927. How many people lost their life savings when William Insull’s company collapsed?

928. How did the collapse of Samuel Insull’s company affect the proposed hydropower and irrigation dam project?

929. How many states did the Tennessee Valley span?

930. two services provided by the Tennessee Valley Authority

931. power plant which the Tennessee Valley Authority operated

932. How did the Tennessee Valley Authority directly benefit farmers in the region?

933. two ways in which the Tennessee Valley Authority improved the region’s environment

934. function of the Tennessee Valley Authority which had the greatest impact

935. Why did free‐market activists object to the Tennessee Valley Authority?

936. member of Franklin D. Roosevelt’s brain trust who had criticized big business’s power in modern America

937. Adolf Berle’s famous book on corporations

938. Which government policy did Adolf Berle’s The Modern Corporation and Private Property shape?

939. primary goal of the United States labor movement during the Great Depression

940. What goal did unions set for all American workers during the Great Depression?

941. How did unions plan to attain a nationwide “American” standard of living during the Great Depression?

942. “radical boosters of the state” during the Great Depression

943. two kinds of rallies communists and socialists used to mobilize American workers to seek government help

944. How did “radical boosters of the state” impact the American worker?

945. full name of the NRA

946. shortcoming of the National Recovery Agency that disappointed labor activists

947. Why did the National Recovery Agency undermine section 7(a) of the National Industrial Recovery Act?

948. When was the last time before the New Deal that workers had been legally protected by the American government?

949. Which union added 100,000 new members in a single month during the Great Depression?

950. size of the United Textile Workers’ membership following exponential growth from several thousand

951. scabs

952. three strategies businesses employed to counteract growing union membership during the Great Depression

953. National Labor Board

954. Who served on the National Labor Board?

955. Reading Formula

956. two stipulations of the Reading Formula

957. Why did the Reading Formula insist that union leaders must be selected by private voting?

958. Why was the effectiveness of the Reading Formula limited?

959. number of workers who went on strike in the United States in 1934

960. number of strikes in the United States in 1934

961. result of the poor enforcement of the Reading Formula

962. When did 5,000 Chicago teachers hold a march on city hall protesting having been paid in scrip for ten months?

963. number of Chicago teachers who demonstrated against being paid in scrip in April 1934

964. reason 5,000 Chicago teachers demonstrated in April 1934

965. city in which teachers held a mass rally in July 1934

966. number of teachers participating in a Chicago mass rally in July 1934

967. Which TWO actions prompted Chicago teachers to hold a mass rally in July 1934?

968. sector of the economy in which worker‐business relationships were worst during the Great Depression

969. American city in which two men died in a labor dispute in May 1934

970. profession of the two men killed in Minneapolis in May 1934

971. When did the San Francisco General Strike take place?

972. organization that started the San Francisco General Strike

973. effect of the San Francisco General Strike

974. Harry Bridges

975. Why did the San Francisco General Strike paralyze almost the entire city?

976. Which part of the United States first became unionized during the Great Depression?

977. How many North Carolina textile workers demonstrated for their right to organize in September 1934?

978. state in which textile workers demonstrated for their right to organize in September 1934

979. full name of the AFL

980. When did the American Federation of Labor form?

981. Why was the American Federation of Labor so conservative?

982. two objectives of the American Federation of Labor

983. decade in which the American Federation of Labor declined in power

984. three reasons for the decline of the American Federation of Labor in the 1920s

985. the only two unskilled labor industries to which the American Federation of Labor paid attention during the 1920s

986. the United States’ largest union federation in the 1920s

987. What position did American Federation of Labor leaders originally take on the New Deal’s public works programs?

988. Why were American Federation of Labor leaders originally opposed to the New Deal’s public works programs?

989. William Green

990. How did William Green believe public works programs affected union loyalty?

991. Which two groups of workers went on strike in 1934 against the American Federation of Labor’s advice?

992. How many American textile workers went on in early September 1934?

993. state in which two striking textile workers were killed by state troopers in early September 1934

994. state in which six striking textile workers were killed by deputies in early September 1934

995. How many striking textile workers were killed in the South in the September 1934 strike?

996. How much support did the American Federation of Labor offer textile workers during their September 1934 strike?

997. organization that supported the United Textile Workers of America during their September 1934 strike

998. How did the textile workers’ September 1934 strike end?

999. What organization did industrial labor learn they needed after the textile workers’ September 1934 strike?

1000. How did Franklin D. Roosevelt’s monetary policies affect railroad and public utility companies?

1001. Joseph P. Kennedy

1002. Joseph P. Kennedy’s primary occupation

1003. What action did Franklin D. Roosevelt take regarding the veterans’ bonus?

1004. When did Franklin D. Roosevelt run out of patience with businessmen whom he viewed as ungrateful?

1005. goal of the American Liberty League

1006. Who comprised the American Liberty League?

1007. prominent family that joined the American Liberty League

1008. General Motors executive who joined the American Liberty League

1009. full name of the NAM

1010. four American organizations that were vehemently anti‐ New Deal

1011. number of National Association of Manufacturers members prior to the New Deal

1012. number of National Association of Manufacturers members in 1937

1013. Which government program increased the National Association of Manufacturers’ membership substantially?

1014. How many of the 37 major legislative proposals from 1933 to 1941 did the National Association of Manufacturers oppose?

1015. How many major pieces of legislation were proposed in the United States from 1933 to 1941?

1016. body that the National Association of Manufacturers used to influence New Deal policies

1017. government agency influenced by the National Association of Manufacturers during the Great Depression

1018. Jack Warner

1019. two technology companies that supported the New Deal

1020. What kind of stores did Edward A. Filene own?

1021. three industries whose firms often supported the New Deal

1022. associationalism

1023. Which kinds of businesses most often supported the New Deal?

1024. Which laws often weakened American businesses’ efforts to avoid competition prior to the New Deal?

1025. corporate liberalism

1026. Which agriculture sector problem went unaddressed by the Agricultural Adjustment Administration?

1027. Who dominated local committees under the Agricultural Adjustment Administration?

1028. What investments did large southwest American landowners make with their federal subsidies?

1029. Who suffered most from large landowners’ investment in heavy machinery during the Great Depression?

1030. two depression‐era laws designed to protect smaller farmers

1031. When was the Farm Credit Act passed?

1032. When was the Farm Mortgage Refinancing Act passed?

1033. When did Congress suspend all foreclosures on farm mortgages?

1034. For how long did Congress suspend all foreclosures on farm mortgages in June 1934?

1035. To which agricultural system did the New Deal ultimately give rise in the United States?

1036. Which TWO pillars of the New Deal harmed small producers and laborers’?

1037. shared goal of the National Recovery and Agricultural Adjustment Acts

1038. What objective did the Roosevelt Administration adopt after attempting unpopularly to limit production?

1039. Why were New Deal policy makers unable to use countercyclical fiscal policy?

1040. two types of organizations the Roosevelt Administration strengthened in order to improve Americans’ purchasing power

1041. Who had most often blocked urban interests lobbying for lower prices prior to the New Deal?

1042. city in which the United Council of Working‐Class Women organized a strike in 1935

1043. Against whom did the United Council of Working‐Class Women organize a strike in 1935?

1044. full name of the UCWCW

1045. length of the United Council of Working‐Class Women’s 1935 strike against New York butchers last

1046. date on which the United Council of Working‐Class Women’s strike against New York butchers began

1047. areas of New York City in which the United Council of Working‐Class Women organized picket lines against butchers in 1935

1048. How many New York City butcher shops closed as a result of the United Council of Working‐Class Women’s strike in 1935?

1049. number of Los Angeles housewives participating in a 1935 strike against butcher shops

1050. How long after the June 1935 Los Angeles strike against butcher shops began did butchers cut prices?

1051. year in which Los Angeles housewives organized a strike against butcher shops

1052. slogan used in nationwide housewives’ strikes against butcher shops during the Great Depression

1053. city in which housewives rushed the City Council demanding a price ceiling on meat in 1935

1054. Whom did American housewives target in their 1935 strikes against butchers?

1055. Which family’s newspapers called housewives’ strikes of butcher shops a communist conspiracy?

1056. political orientation of the Hearst family’s newspapers

1057. Consumer’s Advisory Board

1058. Which new cabinet‐level department was suggested during the New Deal?

1059. Which larger trend did housewives’ strikes on butcher shops in the depression‐era United States reflect?

1060. economic theory that dominated Franklin D. Roosevelt’s first hundred days of reform

1061. How far was underconsumption addressed in Franklin D. Roosevelt’s first hundred days?

1062. two objectives that George Soule believed should be the primary goals of economic policy

1063. George Soule’s occupation

1064. When did George Soule first write propose his two primary goals of economic policy?

1065. book written by Stuart Chase

1066. How qualified was Stuart Chase to comment on economics?

1067. Which theory did Stuart Chase advocate in The New Deal?

1068. the way to achieve wealth under the theory of underconsumption

1069. the most important economic agent under the theory of underconsumption

1070. Upton Sinclair’s occupation during the Progressive Era

1071. purpose of Upton Sinclair’s books

1072. form that Upton Sinclair’s books most often took

1073. Upton Sinclair’s most famous book

1074. year in which The Jungle was published

1075. Which industry did Upton Sinclair’s The Jungle explore?

1076. city in which Upton Sinclair’s The Jungle took place

1077. Upton Sinclair’s political affiliation prior to 1933

1078. political party with which Upton Sinclair registered in 1933

1079. For which office did Upton Sinclair announce his candidacy in September 1933?

1080. title of the book Upton Sinclair used in his campaign for Governor of California

1081. concept for which Upton Sinclair believed should replace market price

1082. On what criteria did Upton Sinclair’s theoretical economy focus?

1083. title of Upton Sinclair’s economic program

1084. full name of EPIC

1085. To whom did Upton Sinclair propose to give expropriated California industrial plants?

1086. economic concept Upton Sinclair propounded in contrast to the prevailing situation in the United States in 1934

1087. number of copies of Upton Sinclair’s I, Governor of California, and How I Ended Poverty: A True Story of the Future purchased

1088. the Democratic nominee for Governor of California in 1934

1089. How good were Upton Sinclair’s prospects for election as Governor of California upon his nomination in 1934?

1090. three groups whose opposition cost Upton Sinclair the seat of Governor of California in 1934

1091. governmental body to which a number of candidates supported by End Poverty in California were elected

1092. What theme dominated the campaigns of Upton Sinclair’s opponents in the 1934 California gubernatorial election?

1093. office that Huey P. Long held during the late 1920s

1094. office that Huey P. Long held during the Great Depression

1095. What cause did Huey P. Long blame for the Great Depression?

1096. Why was Franklin D. Roosevelt unable to raise alarm about wealth inequality through his speeches?

1097. two policy changes Huey P. Long made as Governor of Louisiana

1098. Which policy of Franklin D. Roosevelt’s turned Huey P. Long against the New Deal?

1099. With which late‐19th‐century American political group did Huey P. Long share much of his economic ideology?

1100. Share Our Wealth society

1101. When did Huey P. Long first propose the Share Our Wealth society?

1102. How much did the Share Our Wealth society promise each American family in homestead allowance?

1103. How much did the Share Our Wealth society promise each American family in annual income?

1104. proposed source of funding for the Share Our Wealth society

1105. number of letters Huey P. Long received daily between 1933 and 1935

1106. Who received more letters daily between 1933 and 1935 than Franklin D. Roosevelt?

1107. Huey P. Long’s nickname

1108. Why was Huey P. Long nicknamed Kingfish?

1109. To which economic system did many Americans compare Huey P. Long’s proposals?

1110. When was Huey P. Long assassinated?

1111. How many people visited Huey P. Long’s casket prior to his burial?

1112. Which TWO American groups were particularly devastated by Huey P. Long’s death?

1113. Why did Charles Coughlin first begin using the radio?

1114. city in which Charles Coughlin first broadcast on radio

1115. How long before Black Monday had Charles Coughlin begun broadcasting on radio?

1116. year in which Charles Coughlin began his nationally syndicated radio show

1117. company which offered Charles Coughlin his nationally syndicated radio show

1118. title of Charles Coughlin’s nationally syndicated radio show

1119. time slot occupied by “The Golden Hour of the Little Flower”

1120. How many people tuned into “The Golden Hour of the Little Flower” weekly?

1121. Whom did Charles Coughlin blame for the Great Depression?

1122. Which economic system did Charles Coughlin deride on his show?

1123. Charles Coughlin’s religion

1124. Charles Coughlin’s ethnicity

1125. socioeconomic class into which Charles Coughlin was born

1126. How did Charles Coughlin propose to expand the American money supply?

1127. Which TWO groups of Americans were attracted to Charles Coughlin’s beliefs?

1128. Whom did Charles Coughlin censure in order to gain the support of working‐class Irish Catholics?

1129. Against which ethnic group was Charles Coughlin biased?

1130. Of which European political system was Charles Coughlin’s commentary reminiscent?

1131. two organizations to which Charles Coughlin paradoxically ascribed the New Deal

1132. What government program would provide American elderly with financial security?

1133. first proponent of a pension for the elderly in the United States

1134. Francis Townsend’s profession

1135. town in which Francis Townsend lived

1136. At what age would Francis Townsend’s proposed pension program begin?

1137. How much would persons over 60 receive monthly under Francis Townsend’s proposed pension program?

1138. two conditions elderly had to meet to receive their pensions under Francis Townsend’s proposed pension program

1139. How did Francis Townsend propose to pay for his pension program?

1140. At what rate did Francis Townsend propose to set a value‐added tax in order to pay for his pension program?

1141. two ways in which Francis Townsend believed his pension program would benefit the economy

1142. Townsend Clubs

1143. How many people had joined Townsend Clubs by 1935?

1144. How many Americans were of retirement age in 1935?

1145. What stipulation of Francis Townsend’s proposed pension program was unfeasible?

1146. Frank Merriam

1147. Frank Merriam’s political party

1148. Frank Merriam’s position on Francis Townsend’s proposed pension program

1149. year in which elderly pension legislation was introduced in the House of Representatives

1150. number of signatures gathered in support of Francis Townsend’s proposed pension program by 1935

1151. result of Congress’ vote on Francis Townsend’s proposed pension program

1152. prominent American politician who took notice of the support for Francis Townsend’s proposed pension program

1153. How did Franklin D. Roosevelt expect the American public to react to the New Deal?

1154. the press’s term for Franklin D. Roosevelt’s more socialist rhetoric

1155. year in which Franklin D. Roosevelt made a tax proposal termed as “soak‐the‐rich”

1156. tax Franklin D. Roosevelt proposed in addition to the existing estate tax in 1935

1157. maximum tax rate in the United States prior to 1935

1158. new maximum tax rate proposed by Franklin D. Roosevelt in 1935

1159. new tax created by Franklin D. Roosevelt’s 1935 tax proposal

1160. constitutional amendment Franklin D. Roosevelt proposed in 1935

1161. Which Americans usually put their savings in state and local bonds during the Great Depression?

1162. How long did debate on the Revenue Act of 1935 last?

1163. legislation containing Franklin D. Roosevelt’s 1935 tax proposal

1164. How did the final Revenue Act of 1935 compare with Franklin D. Roosevelt’s original proposals?

1165. Which new tax proposed by Franklin D. Roosevelt was excluded from the Revenue Act of 1935?

1166. the maximum tax rate after 1935

1167. What level of income was taxed at a rate of 75% starting in 1935?

1168. percentage of Americans making more than $10,000 a year in 1935

1169. How long after the passage of the Revenue Act of 1935 did the federal government close tax loopholes?

1170. How did the share of national income belonging to the wealthiest 1% of Americans change over the 1930s?

1171. result of the 1934 American midterm elections

1172. usual result of American midterm elections

1173. number of Democratic senators before the 1934 midterm elections

1174. number of Democratic senators after the 1934 midterm elections

1175. In which NINE states did the Democrats gain Senate seats in 1934?

1176. number of Democrats in the House of Representatives after the 1934 midterm elections

1177. percentage of House of Representatives seats occupied by Democrats after the 1934 midterm elections

1178. Franklin D. Roosevelt’s four most prominent challengers on the left

1179. Which branch of the United States government most stood in the way of New Deal reforms?

1180. How did conservative opponents of the New Deal seek to cast Franklin D. Roosevelt’s programs?

1181. Why was Congress advantaged in its early confrontations with the judiciary over New Deal legislation?

1182. Which department of the United States Federal Government is responsible for assessing the constitutionality of laws?

1183. Why did American federal courts during the New Deal have a conservative bias?

1184. By which year had federal courts ruled against the enforcement of almost every New Deal program?

1185. Which body would resolve the ultimate conflict between New Dealers and their opponents?

1186. four conservative Supreme Court justices in 1935 staunchly committed to property rights

1187. nickname given to Justices Sutherland, Van Devanter, Butler, and Reynolds

1188. three economic regulations that Justices Sutherland, Van Devanter, Butler, and Reynolds opposed

1189. On which kinds of issues did Justices Sutherland, Van Devanter, Butler, and Reynolds decline to intervene?

1190. Which THREE 1935 United States Supreme Court Justices treated economic laws with judicial restraint?

1191. How did Justices Cardozo, Brandeis, and Harlan Stone treat laws restricting civil liberties?

1192. two swing votes on the United States Supreme Court in 1935

1193. Chief Justice of the United States Supreme Court in 1935

1194. Which President appointed Charles Evan Hughes to the Supreme Court?

1195. Which President appointed Owen Roberts to the Supreme Court?

1196. law that was struck down in 1935, representing the first major blow to the New Dealers

1197. Why did the Supreme Court strike down the Railroad Retirement Act?

1198. case in which the Railroad Retirement Act was struck down

1199. year in which Railroad Retirement Board v. Alton Railroad Company was decided

1200. Which Supreme Court swing vote voted with the majority in Railroad Retirement Board v. Alton Railroad Company?

1201. Why did Justice Owen Roberts vote to strike down the Railroad Retirement Act?

1202. industry in which the National Recovery Administration’s legality was challenged

1203. When did the Supreme Court rule that poultry was an interstate industry?

1204. Supreme Court case challenging the National Recovery Administration

1205. How did New Dealers feel about their chances of winning A.L.A. Schechter Poultry Corp. v. United States?

1206. the Schechter Brothers’ business

1207. three regulations the Schechter Brothers were convicted of violating

1208. Why did New Deal lawyers seek to try the Schechter Brothers on federal offenses?

1209. date of the New Deal’s “Black Monday”

1210. Why was May 27, 1935 known as the New Deal’s “Black Monday”?

1211. Supreme Court case decided on the New Deal’s “Black Monday”

1212. Why was the Supreme Court decision in A.L.A. Schechter Poultry Corp. v. United States unusual?

1213. To whom can Congress legitimately delegate legislative powers, according to the Supreme Court in 1935?

1214. What action can the President not take with his delegated legislative powers, according to the Supreme Court in 1935?

1215. Supreme Court Justice who called the President’s role in the New Deal “delegation running riot”

1216. Why was the Schechter Poultry Corp. outside of federal authority, according to the Supreme Court?

1217. What ruling did the Supreme Court make about the government’s constitutional powers on May 27, 1935?

1218. important agricultural law struck down by the Supreme Court in May 1935

1219. the purpose of the Emergency Farm Mortgage Act

1220. Supreme Court case in which the Emergency Farm Mortgage Act was found to be unconstitutional

1221. year in which Louisville Joint Stock Land Bank v. Radford was decided

1222. How long did the Emergency Farm Mortgage Act allow debtors to keep their farms after declaring bankruptcy?

1223. the debtor in Louisville Joint Stock Land Bank v. Radford

1224. the creditor in Louisville Joint Stock Land Bank v. Radford

1225. constitutional amendment violated by the Emergency Farm Mortgage Act

1226. Which prohibition of the fifth amendment did the Emergency Farm Mortgage Act violate?

1227. law deemed unconstitutional in United States v. Butler

1228. When was United States v. Butler decided?

1229. number of Supreme Court Justices voting to strike down the Agricultural Adjustment Act in United States v. Butler

1230. number of Supreme Court Justices voting to uphold the Agricultural Adjustment Act in United States v. Butler

1231. type of company that challenged the Agricultural Adjustment Act in United States v. Butler

1232. Which provision of the Agricultural Adjustment Act was challenged in United States v. Butler?

1233. Who wrote the majority opinion in United States v. Butler?

1234. Why was the tax in United States v. Butler not a “true tax,” according to the Supreme Court?

1235. Who did the majority opinion in United States v. Butler believe was the appropriate regulator of agriculture?

1236. three dissenting Justices in United States v. Butler

1237. Which Justice in the majority of United States v. Butler was purported to have secretly sided with the dissenters?

1238. Why did Charles E. Hughes side with the majority in United States v. Butler, according to rumors?

1239. the Supreme Court’s main problem with the New Deal, according to Charles E. Hughes

1240. law passed by Congress a few weeks after United States v. Butler was decided

1241. law which the Soil Conservation Act resembled

1242. four factors that weakened the labor movement during the Great Depression

1243. During which two years of the Great Depression did the number of new union charters increase substantially?

1244. During which year of the Great Depression did the number of new union charters decrease?

1245. How many unions were dissolved between August 1934 and August 1935?

1246. Why were industrial workers unsuccessful in their campaign for unionization in the early years of the Great Depression?

1247. legislative body to which Robert Wagner belonged

1248. National Labor Board chairman in 1934

1249. state which Robert Wagner represented

1250. When did profits, executives’ salaries, and industrial production first rise in the United States after the 1929 crash?

1251. How did American workers’ wages change in late 1934?

1252. Senator who submitted a bill to close the loopholes in the National Recovery Administration in 1934

1253. year in which Robert Wagner submitted a bill to close the loopholes in the National Recovery Administration

1254. organization most opposed to Robert Wagner’s bill to fix the National Recovery Administration

1255. Why did Franklin D. Roosevelt distance himself from Robert Wagner’s bill to fix the National Recovery Administration?

1256. full name of the NLRB

1257. body Franklin D. Roosevelt authorized in order to help resolve labor disputes

1258. When did Franklin D. Roosevelt finally tacitly support Robert Wagner’s bill to fix the National Recovery Administration?

1259. two reasons for Franklin D. Roosevelt’s implicit support of Robert Wagner’s bill to fix the National Recovery Administration

1260. law that resulted from Robert Wagner’s bill to fix the National Recovery Administration

1261. goal of the Wagner Act

1262. organizations prohibited under the Wagner Act

1263. How did the Wagner Act prohibit company unions?

1264. body established by the Wagner Act

1265. purpose of the National Labor Relations Board

1266. Who was the National Labor Relations Board supposed to back in conflicts between employers and employees?

1267. United States federal law that gave official government support for the right to unionize

1268. Which organization was at the center of the 1935 labor “civil war”?

1269. three policies of the American Federation of Labor at the heart of the 1935 labor “civil war”

1270. Which workers was the American Federation of Labor uninterested in organizing?

1271. Why was the American Federation of Labor uninterested in organizing unskilled workers?

1272. John L. Lewis’s union in 1935

1273. What need did John L. Lewis identify in the depression‐era United States?

1274. five industries in which John L. Lewis saw a need for unionization during the Great Depression

1275. How did William Green react to John L. Lewis’s suggestions?

1276. Where was the 1935 conference in which John L. Lewis suggested national collectivization of industrial workers held?

1277. How did John L. Lewis react to William Green’s refusal to listen to his suggestions in Atlantic City?

1278. organization John L. Lewis founded a few weeks after walking out of the Atlantic City conference

1279. full name of the CIO

1280. In which kinds of industries did the Committee for Industrial Organization launch organizing campaigns?

1281. Why was the Committee for Industrial Organization able to succeed?

1282. two groups excluded by the American Federation of Labor that were embraced by the Committee for Industrial Organization

1283. How many women joined new Committee for Industrial Organization unions upon their establishment?

1284. political party from which many Committee for Industrial Organization members came

1285. Communist Party campaign that sought the cooperation of other groups concerned with labor and civil rights

1286. percentage of American non‐agricultural laborers unionized in 1940

1287. number of unionized American laborers in 1940

1288. How many times more American laborers were unionized in 1940 than in 1930?

1289. How did the Committee for Industrial Organization help workers?

1290. form of workers’ protests in the United States until 1935

1291. Why were strikes largely ineffective in the United States before 1935?

1292. When did workers at Goodyear go on strike during the Great Depression?

1293. Why was the 1936 Goodyear unique?

1294. Goodyear workers’ union in 1936

1295. product of the Goodyear plant which went on strike in 1936

1296. Why were the owners of the Goodyear plant reluctant to send in security forces during the 1936 strike?

1297. form of strike employed by Goodyear workers in February 1936

1298. When did Chevrolet workers in Flint, Michigan go on strike during the Great Depression?

1299. location of the Chevrolet body part plant that went on strike in December 1936

1300. form of strike employed by Chevrolet workers in Flint, Michigan in 1936

1301. goal of striking Chevrolet workers in Flint, Michigan in 1936

1302. law that required business owners to agree to collective bargaining

1303. length of the 1936 strike by Chevrolet workers in Flint, Michigan

1304. parent company of Chevrolet

1305. union that General Motors recognized after the 1936 strike in Flint, Michigan

1306. full name of the UAW

1307. year in which US Steel Corp recognized United Steelworkers as its workers’ only union

1308. union that US Steel Corp recognized for the first time on March 1, 1937

1309. US Steel Corp’s policy toward unions prior to 1937

1310. number of sit‐down strikes between 1936 and 1939 in the United States

1311. Why did sit‐down strikes cease in the United States in 1939?

1312. Which constitutional rights did the Supreme Court find sit‐down strikes violated in 1939?

1313. city in which United Automobile Workers leaders were assaulted by company police in 1937

1314. When were 1930s United Automobile Workers leaders assaulted by Ford company police in River Rouge, Michigan?

1315. company whose police assaulted United Automobile Workers leaders in 1937

1316. Which future president of the United Automobile Workers was assaulted by Ford Motor Company police in 1937?

1317. city in which the 1937 Memorial Day Massacre took place

1318. date on which the Chicago Memorial Day Massacre took place

1319. company for which the workers involved in the Memorial Day Massacre worked

1320. number of people killed in the 1937 Memorial Day Massacre

1321. number of people injured in the 1937 Memorial Day Massacre

1322. At what event did the 1937 Memorial Day Massacre take place?

1323. Roughly how many strikes took place in the United States in 1937?

1324. party with which the Committee for Industrial Organization allied in the 1930s

1325. From which communities did many 1930s union leaders come?

1326. How did most American workers feel about unions throughout the Great Depression?

1327. two ways in which the Committee for Industrial Organization aided the Democratic Party in the 1930s

1328. documents resulting from most union endeavors in the 1930s

1329. How many national laws did unions succeed in passing during the Great Depression?

1330. Which national law did unions succeed in passing during the Great Depression?

1331. full name of the FLSA

1332. three standards established by the Fair Labor Standards Act

1333. minimum age for employment established by the Fair Labor Standards Act

1334. two years during which Congress debated the Fair Labor Standards Act

1335. Which TWO Congressional groups opposed the Fair Labor Standards Act?

1336. Why did southern Democrats oppose the Fair Labor Standards Act?

1337. What type of workers did southern Democrats want to exempt from the Fair Labor Standards Act’s minimum wage laws?

1338. Of what race were most domestic servants in the South during the Great Depression?

1339. To which TWO provisions of the Fair Labor Standards Act did growers in the West object?

1340. initial minimum wage established by the Fair Labor Standards Act

1341. period of time over which the Fair Labor Standards Act’s minimum wage would increase

1342. initial maximum working hours under the Fair Labor Standards Act

1343. eventual maximum working hours under the Fair Labor Standards Act

1344. number of Americans who received increased wages under the Fair Labor Standards Act

1345. number of Americans who worked shorter hours under the Fair Labor Standards Act

1346. Why were many American workers left unprotected by the Fair Labor Standards Act?

1347. five types of workers not included in the Fair Labor Standards Act

1348. When were workers excluded from the original Fair Labor Standards Act included in its provisions?

1349. Of which new program did Franklin D. Roosevelt seem uniquely confident in 1935?

1350. Why was Franklin D. Roosevelt’s confidence shaken after his first 100 days as president?

1351. full name of the WPA

1352. year in which the Works Progress Administration was created

1353. How did the Works Progress Administration differ from earlier public works programs?

1354. number of unemployed Americans in 1935

1355. purpose of the Works Progress Administration

1356. To whom did the Works Progress Administration return responsibility for the unemployed?

1357. For whom did Franklin D. Roosevelt promise to find jobs through the Works Progress Administration?

1358. act of Congress that created the Works Progress Administration

1359. When was the Emergency Relief Appropriation Act passed?

1360. Whom would have run the Works Progress Administration if Franklin D. Roosevelt had wanted efficiency?

1361. How would Harold L. Ickes have run the Works Progress Administration if he had been chosen to?

1362. the man selected to run the Works Progress Administration

1363. Henry Hopkins’ first priority in running the Works Progress Administration

1364. How had Henry Hopkins ensured high employment levels while in the Civil Works Administration?

1365. What percentage of its budget did the Civil Works Administration spend on wages?

1366. Why did Franklin D. Roosevelt choose Henry Hopkins to run the Works Progress Administration?

1367. How did the Works Progress Administration limit its workers’ total earnings?

1368. two ways in which the Works Progress Administration avoided crowding out private companies

1369. How did the Works Progress Administration ensure its employees were in genuine need of the relief work?

1370. What sort of employer did the federal government become under the Works Progress Administration?

1371. When were employees of the Works Progress Administration supposed to leave the program?

1372. How many people did the Works Progress Administration employ at its height?

1373. What fraction of the American unemployed worked for the Works Progress Administration at its height?

1374. cost of the Works Progress Administration

1375. organization that predicted the Works Progress Administration would be the end of the American system of government

1376. How did Keynesians view the Works Progress Administration?

1377. three public works programs that had preceded the Works Progress Administration

1378. number of hospitals built by the Works Progress Administration

1379. number of schools built by the Works Progress Administration

1380. number of airports built by the Works Progress Administration

1381. number of miles of rural roads built by the Works Progress Administration

1382. number of parks built by the Works Progress Administration

1383. amount of money spent by the Works Progress Administration on work relief between 1935 and 1943

1384. total number of Americans employed by the Works Progress Administration

1385. two ways in which the Works Progress Administration improved the United States’ public works

1386. the Works Progress Administration’s youth program

1387. full name of the NYA

1388. political aim of the National Youth Administration

1389. What kind of governments did many American youths support during the Great Depression?

1390. How many American college students did the National Youth Administration keep in school?

1391. number of American youths employed part‐time by the National Youth Administration

1392. For which kind of youths did the National Youth Administration have a specially reserved fund?

1393. How many times more likely were black students to be unemployed as whites?

1394. director of the National Youth Administration’s fund for black students

1395. Mary McLeod’s profession

1396. umbrella federal program that employed 40,000 artists during the Great Depression

1397. full name of the FWP

1398. full name of the FAP

1399. two writers whose careers were launched by the Federal Arts Project

1400. Jackson Pollock

1401. number of murals created under the Federal Arts Project

1402. number of sculptures created under the Federal Arts Project

1403. New Deal program that many believed advocated for Franklin D. Roosevelt’s personal agenda

1404. state that Martin Dies represented in Congress

1405. committee that Martin Dies chaired in Congress

1406. year in which the Federal Theater Program ended

1407. case that challenged the constitutionality of the Tennessee Valley Authority

1408. year in which Ashwander v. Tennessee Valley Authority was decided

1409. two life experiences that helped Franklin D. Roosevelt appreciate the environment

1410. two trails built by the Civilian Conservation Corps and Works Progress Administration

1411. Which TWO national parks did the Blue Ridge Parkway connect?

1412. state in which the Shenandoah National Park is located

1413. state in which the Great Smoky Mountains National Park is located

1414. Depression‐era American legislation protecting ecological balance

1415. two practices eliminated by the Soil Conservation and Domestic Allotment Act

1416. How did the Soil Conservation and Domestic Allotment Act get around powerful landlords?

1417. full name of the SCS

1418. shelterbelt

1419. Depression‐era government office that helped solve the West’s water scarcity problem

1420. In which TWO valleys was the All‐American Canal located?

1421. body of water from which the All‐American Canal came

1422. Which state became the United States’ biggest agricultural producer after 1947?

1423. percentage of American farms with electricity in 1934

1424. full name of the REA

1425. law that created the Rural Electrification Administration

1426. To whom did the Rural Electrification Administration make loans to construct electrical distribution networks?

1427. percentage of American farms receiving electricity through the Rural Electrification Administration in 1939

1428. organization that funded the Rural Electrification Administration’s loans

1429. How did the Soil Conservation Service affect cotton prices in 1937?

1430. bales of cotton produced in the United States in 1937

1431. full name of the RA

1432. aim of the Resettlement Administration

1433. full name of the FSA

1434. Which organization evolved out of the Resettlement Administration?

1435. Rexford Tugwell

1436. role of the Resettlement Administration

1437. Why did Congress not provide the Farm Security Administration with much funding in its first two years?

1438. Dorothea Lange

1439. How long did most mortgages last during the Great Depression?

1440. What financial innovation did not exist during the Great Depression, leading to many foreclosures?

1441. year in which the Federal Home Loan Bank Act was passed

1442. act that created the Home Owners Loan Corporation

1443. full name of the HOLC

1444. purpose of the Home Owners Loan Corporation

1445. total amount of loans made by the Home Owners Loan Corporation

1446. year in which the Home Loan Bank Act was passed

1447. How did the Home Owners Loan Corporation help Franklin D. Roosevelt politically?

1448. Whose economic theories did Marriner Eccles support?

1449. Which government board did Marriner Eccles chair?

1450. bill sponsored by Marriner Eccles to revive the real estate market

1451. year in which the National Housing Act was passed

1452. two organizations created by the National Housing Act

1453. full name of the FHA

1454. full name of the FSLIC

1455. function of the Federal Savings and Loan Insurance Corporation

1456. How long did mortgages typically last after 1934?

1457. How did the Federal Housing Administration affect the market for home ownership?

1458. fraction of Americans poorly housed, clothed, and fed in 1937

1459. Why was the Works Progress Administration’s housing project delayed?

1460. year in which the Wagner Steagall Act was passed

1461. law that created the United States Housing Authority

1462. function of the United States Housing Authority

1463. full name of the USHA

1464. government assistance denied to ‘red‐lined’ neighborhoods

1465. Which demographic usually lived in ‘red‐lined’ neighborhoods?

1466. Which New Deal government agency did Kenneth Jackson say made segregation public policy?

1467. Which law most clearly shows the influence of the New Deal on today’s United States government?

1468. year in which the Social Security Act was passed

1469. three professions receiving public pensions in the United States prior to 1935

1470. date on which the Social Security Act was signed

1471. two populist critics who served as impetus for the Social Security Act

1472. How were Social Security Act pensions to be financed?

1473. Why did the Social Security Act give assistance to the blind, deaf, disabled, and dependent children?

1474. the only state with an unemployment insurance program in 1934

1475. clause of the Constitution that Franklin D. Roosevelt believed authorized Congress to create Social Security

1476. Which section of the United States Constitution contains the general welfare clause?

1477. Americans during the great Depression that believed minimum aid levels should be nationally standardized

1478. two Depression‐era Americans who believed minimum aid levels should be nationally standardized

1479. two Depression‐era Democrats who believed benefits like Social Security were best left to states

1480. localists

1481. Why would future governments not be able to end Social Security, according to Franklin D. Roosevelt?

1482. percentage of Americans with health insurance during the Great Depression

1483. position of the American Medical Association on national health care during the Great Depression

1484. What sort of tax was the employee Social Security tax?

1485. How much of their Social Security payroll taxes could employers offset by contributing to state unemployment insurance?

1486. What problem did the local administration of Social Security cause in the United States during the Great Depression?

1487. How many states waited until 1939 to join the temporary Social Security grant offered by the federal government?

1488. How did Southerners defend their lower‐than‐average payments for federal programs during the Great Depression?

1489. Why did white Southerners oppose federal aid to blacks?

1490. Dixiecrats

1491. two groups of laborers excluded entirely from Social Security benefits during the Great Depression

1492. fraction of African Americans ineligible for Social Security benefits during the Great Depression

1493. Which TWO kinds of work made many women ineligible for Social Security benefits during the Great Depression?

1494. Why did women who paid payroll taxes for Social Security often not receive benefits during the Great Depression?

1495. dual welfare state

1496. city where the 1936 Democratic National Convention was held

1497. Republican nominee for President in 1936

1498. Alfred Landon’s state

1499. the Union Party’s leader in 1936

1500. derogatory label applied to Alfred Landon’s 1936 presidential campaign

1501. state which William Lemke represented in Congress

1502. William Lemke’s nickname

1503. Whom did Literary Digest predict would win the 1936 presidential election?

1504. only two states that voted for Alfred Landon in the 1936 presidential election

1505. Why were high‐income groups overrepresented in polling in 1936?

1506. How many more Americans voted in the 1936 presidential election than in 1932?

1507. Which party dominated national elections between 1896 and 1932?

1508. only two Democratic presidents between 1865 and 1932

1509. Between which years did the Republican Party return to power for the first time after 1932?

1510. percentage of African Americans voting Democratic in 1936

1511. year in which African American voters began switching to the Democratic Party

1512. case in which the Supreme Court struck down specific mining industry regulations

1513. clause of the Constitution whose narrow construction restricted federal regulation of working conditions

1514. How did the Supreme Court seek to undermine the Tennessee Valley Authority during the Great Depression?

1515. year in which Franklin D. Roosevelt proposed the Judicial Procedures Reform Act

1516. Judicial Procedures Reform Act

1517. three arguments Franklin D. Roosevelt advanced for the Judicial Procedures Reform Act

1518. When in the Great Depression did the Supreme Court uphold Washington state’s minimum wage law?

1519. When did the Supreme Court vote to uphold the Wagner Act?

1520. West Coast Parrish Hotel Co. v. Parrish

1521. Why did Justice Roberts vote to uphold the minimum wage law in West Coast Parrish Hotel Co. v. Parrish?

1522. the third‐largest steel producer in the United States in 1937

1523. What argument did Jones & Laughlin Steel Co. make against the Wagner Act?

1524. stream of commerce

1525. How far did the Judicial Procedures Reform Act influence the Supreme Court in West Coast Parrish Hotel Co. v. Parrish?

1526. Why did the Judicial Procedures Reform Act have no effect on the Supreme Court in West Coast Parrish Hotel Co. v. Parrish?

1527. Why did Justices Hughes and Roberts reverse their position on the interstate commerce clause?

1528. first year after 1937 in which the Supreme Court overturned a law because Congress was not able to regulate the relevant commerce

1529. Which clause of the Constitution allowed Congress to enforce civil rights nationally during the 1960s?

1530. law that suspended federal judges’ full retirement packages in1933

1531. Supreme Court Justice who replaced Justice Van Devanter

1532. total number of Supreme Court Justices appointed by Franklin D. Roosevelt

1533. Hugo Black’s state

1534. How did Franklin D. Roosevelt amend the federal budget in 1937?

1535. day on which the stock market crashed in 1937

1536. Roosevelt recession

1537. Why did Franklin D. Roosevelt make budget cuts in 1937?

1538. How much more money did Social Security remove from the economy than it injected between 1936 and 1937?

1539. state‐level action that contributed to the Roosevelt recession

1540. three industries whose prices did not fall during the Roosevelt recession

1541. Whom did Franklin D. Roosevelt blame for the 1937 downturn?

1542. To which historical campaign did Harold Ickes compare Franklin D. Roosevelt’s fight against monopolies?

1543. year in which the Roosevelt Administration campaigned against monopolies

1544. Which economic policy did Keynesianism supplant in the Roosevelt administration?

1545. event at which Eleanor Roosevelt famously sat in the colored section

1546. city in which the Southern Conference for Human Welfare was held

1547. In what TWO ways did Eleanor Roosevelt react to the Daughters of the American Revolution’s rejection of Marian Anderson?

1548. How many people attended Marian Anderson’s 1939 Easter concert on the steps of the Lincoln Memorial?

1549. What kind of social inequality did the New Deal primarily target?

1550. How did the New Deal affect reform efforts on behalf of racial minorities and women?

1551. Why did Franklin D. Roosevelt refuse to sign a federal anti‐lynching law?

1552. Why did white southerners believe a federal anti‐lynching law was unnecessary?

1553. Which federal work program housed white and black workers separately?

1554. percentage of Works Progress Administration workers that were African American

1555. percentage of Americans that were African American during the Great Depression

1556. head of Franklin D. Roosevelt’s “black cabinet”

1557. “black cabinet”

1558. the closest ally of African Americans in the Roosevelt administration

1559. How did the volume of naturalization requests change during the New Deal?

1560. Why did the New Deal increase naturalization requests in the United States?

1561. three benefits available to urban but not rural Mexican Americans during the Great Depression

1562. city in which the first United States conference for Latin Americans’ civil rights took place

1563. year in which the first United States conference for Latin Americans’ civil rights took place

1564. Which political party welcomed Mexican Americans during the Great Depression?

1565. How did the unemployment rate of women compare to that of men during the Great Depression?

1566. When did New Deal women’s reformers gain their experience in campaigning?

1567. For what cause did New Deal women’s reformers gain experience in campaigning?

1568. two things to which Superman was susceptible

1569. Why were men less likely to listen to women’s arguments for equality during the Great Depression?

1570. What percentage of her husband’s Social Security benefits did a widow receive during the Great Depression?

1571. Why did a widow only receive 75% of her husband’s Social Security benefits during the Great Depression?

1572. How long did a couple have to be married before retiring to receive full Social Security benefits?

1573. How did the National Industrial Recovery Act enshrine gender roles in the law?

1574. minimum wage difference between genders during the Great Depression

1575. first woman to hold a cabinet position in the United States

1576. the two most visible women in the New Deal

1577. womenʹs press corps

1578. “the president’s conscience”

1579. year in which the International Ladies Garment Workers Union went on strike

1580. number of unionized women in 1924

1581. number of unionized women in 1938

1582. How much higher was the Native American unemployment rate than the national average during the Great Depression?

1583. Which New Deal law most affected Native Americans?

1584. year in which the Indian Reorganization Act was passed

1585. Which policy did the Indian Reorganization Act reverse?

1586. Franklin D. Roosevelt’s Commissioner of Indian Affairs

1587. organization created by John Collier to help Native American artists sell their work

1588. John Collier’s aim for Native Americans and their lands

1589. number of Native American nations that refused to join John Collier’s organization plan

1590. number of Native American nations that joined John Collier’s organization plan

1591. year in which the Dawes Act was passed

1592. To which United States foreign policy did Franklin D. Roosevelt express opposition in his youth?

1593. dominant approach to foreign policy in the United States in 1932

1594. Johnson Act of 1934

1595. When was the London Economic Conference held?

1596. Reciprocal Trade Agreement Act

1597. policy that Presidents Hoover and Roosevelt pursued with Latin America

1598. Who did the American Navy help to take power in Cuba during the Great Depression?

1599. Who did the American Navy stop from gaining power in Cuba during the Great Depression?

1600. president of Mexico during the Great Depression

1601. Why did the United States government not intervene when Mexico nationalized oil plants in 1938?

1602. legal status of Filipinos in the United States after it annexed the Philippines and before 1934

1603. 1934 Tydingsale‐McDuffy Act

1604. When did Albert Einstein flee Nazi Germany?

1605. destination of the S.S. St. Louis in May 1939

1606. How many passengers on the S.S. St. Louis were denied entry into Cuba in 1939?

1607. Adolf Hitler’s party

1608. When did the National Socialist Party come to power in Germany?

1609. board that investigated war profiteering during World War I

1610. ban effected by the Neutrality Act of 1935

1611. fascist who revolted against Spain’s republican government

1612. demilitarized region of West Germany that Adolf Hitler invaded in 1935

1613. Which nation’s military was responsible for the Rape of Nanking?

1614. United States ship attacked by Japanese planes in 1937

1615. How did the United States react to the 1937 Japanese attack on the Panay?

1616. quarantine doctrine

1617. How did the United States react to the Soviet Union’s 1939 invasion of Finland?

1618. After which country’s invasion in 1939 did France and Great Britain declare war on Germany?

1619. event that precipitated American involvement in World War II