Exam one review

To describes one conscious experiences in terms of their elementary constituents, i.e. sensations, simple feelings

• Functionalism: what the mind does
• behavior adaptive

Behaviorism: that which you can see, minalize consious and mind

reduce behavior to its most basic part for study

"the whole is different from the sum of its parts"

• apparent movement where there is none
• mind is active, putting together according to rules

• mental process underlying behavior
• -mental strategies
• -plans
• -informational processing

• the unconscious
• most influential

• self actualization
• free will
• psychological growth

• Hysteria = conversioin disorder
• symtoms look like neurological disorders (motor, sensory problems)

symptoms are symbolic representations

• meets reistance from patients
• bad hypnotist

blocking memories

• follow spontaneous thoughts, images
• say what ever comes to mind no matter how trivial or embarrassing

• the thoughts and images are symbolic!
• -must be interpreted!

• Freud used of free association
• -childhood sexual repression

• "fantasy" theory
• -"childhood sexual fantasy"

"seduction" theory

• Darwin: instincts
• Helmholtz: consciousness in biological! Conservation of energy
• Herbert: Levels of consciousness!

the study of behavior and mental process

• 1: from explanation to behavior bases on unseen causes to observation
• 2: Localization of function within the nervous system

the belief that behavior is directed by spirits

systemic study of body

brain was bloodless

• blood: sanguine
• black bile: melancholic
• yellow bile: choleric
• phleg: phlegmatic

• personality define by physical property
• Hippocratic oath (medical ethics)

• "cogito ergo sum"
• pull control by body system, hydraulic

• tubes = nerves
• ballons and springs = muscles and tendon

• 1. Descartes model
• 2. emphasized nerves: sensory - strings, motor - hydraulics
• 3. recognized reflexes
• 4. recognized insticts
• 5. Studies behavior - genetic inheritance
• 6. Splite between philosophy and physiology
• - orgin of rationalism vs empiricism

• electrical action of nerves; dismissed Descartes hydraulic theory
• frog legs; bettery test
• electricity - naturally physical

• map brain
• blue - motor cortex
• white - somatosensory cortex

• Phrenology - study of the brain
• -first to take brain appart by pieces
• Phrenological skull
• -bump, indentation
• "scientific" hand reading

• Graphology - personality from handwriting
• Blood typing - personality from blood type
• ESP - extera sensory perception

• first psychology laboratory
• School of thought
• -what shouold psychology be about
• -what should we study? thought, or mind
• Structionalism

predictiona nd control

consequences

• apply to hindsights
• -works great after the facts
• -"Laws of Nature"
• i.e. orderly cause and effect of relationship

• 1. Identify problem and formulate hypothesis
• 2. Do a study - experiment!
• 3. Eval the results and consult prior knowledge
• 4. Tell the world - communicate!
• 5. Replicate
• -Reasons not good enought; empirist

• observeable and measurable
• Operational: Defining behavior in terms of the precedures used to measure it
• Face Validity: The extent to which the measure captures the intended meaning
• Hypothesis: tentative statement about relaionship between two things
• - testable prediction
• -does not make prediction about supernatural
• -can't prove hypothesis to be true
• Empiricism uses inductive method = find example in the real world

• Studies involve measuing some aspect of a population
• Population: a group of individuals who share certain characteristics
• -Sample: a subset of teh population
• -restults from sample gereralize behavior of population
• -radom sample = equal
• representative sample - subgroup = bias!

discharge of tension from satisfy physical needs

• Repression - ban from consciousness
• Reactions Formation - express opposite desire
• Denial - deny!
• Introjection - incorporates demands of others as if it was your own
• Displacement - transfer energy onto safe oobject
• Projection - atribute "forbidden" impluses to another

• 1. Theory based on small smaple
• 2. too much wiggle room
• 3. not interested in scientific test of theory
• 4. power of suggestion
• 5. simpler explanation often possible

controls voluntary behavior and mobilizes defense

instinctive, animalistic, agression and sexual impulses

internalization of ethics codes of conduct

physical stuff, conservation of energy

discharge oif tension from satisfying physical needs

ego lets us satisfy our wants in socially acceptable ways

Produce results or distribution different from random chance

• production of sex harmones, typical behavior, different between male and female
• altercation leads to different behavior

• sensory input: classical system
• motor ouput: skeletal system (voluntary)

• sensory input: from the inside body
• motor output: smooth muscle

"fight or flight" response

repair and nurture

• "brain in the gut"
• 2 layers, 100 million neurons

• 20%!
• brain is only 2% of body weight

• nurse cells
• outnumber neurons 10-1
• form myelin sheath around axons
• waste removal

process both electrical and chemical

• squid "giant axon"
• won Nobel Prize

• yes!
• inside is negative relative to outside which is positive

• difference is "potential"
• difference is across membrane - "membrane potential"

• ions moving
• -depolarization
• -repolarization

• 1. Diffusion
• 2. Electrostatic forces (like charges repel, opposite attract)
• all or none law

the left and right side have own capability or specialization

verbal processing, language speech, reading, writing

nonverbal processing such as that require spatial, musical, and visual recognition task

• Control opposite side of body
• -left hand controls and communication lies with right hemisphere

• Right visual field - left hemisphere
• left visual field - right hemisphere

Corpus Callosum

• Enviroment have noticable effect on the brain
• -especially in early life
• -learning can alter/change size and/or structure of the brain and alter neural pathways

• Neural plasticity
• The brain can often compensate for damage that occure early in life

Can't use neuron efficently yet

• Surviving neuron modify themselves structually or chemically
• -Structually sprouting add dendrites and extending
• -Chemcially increase volume release of neuron transmitters

• Frog heart
• -valgus nerves secretes something chemical
• discover first neuron transmitter

acetylocholine

• lock and key
• -specific transmitors for specific receptors

• both have messengers and receptors
• identical

• primary: born with
• secondary: apaear at puberty

• Used rooster
• -testorones

• controls other gland
• -connected to the base of hypothalamus

• a. pons - bridge
• b. medulla - vegetative function
• c. cerebellum - "little brain" - balance, ballastice movement

• bottom: rectum "roof", super colliculus, inferior colliculs
• bottom: Tegmentum
• Periaquaductal gray 0 pain endorphine
• Substantia nigra - "black substance" high concentraion dopamine

thalamus

• Eye - thalamus - primary visual cortex
• Ear - thalamus - primary auditory cortex
• Great cortex - convulsion - more surface area within same space

Human brain have more cortex and newer cortex

• into 4 lobes
• Frontal lobe: planning, think and exacting control movement
• Parietal lobe: percetpion
• Temporal lobe: process auditory
• Occipital lobe: porcess visual

• 1. Single convergence - inside or outside or retina
• 2. Retinal disparity - eyes separted by some distance

• 1. interposition - one thing obsure another; must be far
• 2. size on retina
• 3. perspective
• 4. elevation of "horizon" effect - overhead = closer
• 5. motion parallax - quick = closer, slow = farther

• Surrounding perceptions set the way you reat to stimulus
• ex. background effect on how you perceive
• expectation affect perception

• Mental models of wolrd "knowledge impose order"
• set you up to expect
• sex differences in perceptual procesing
• cultural differences in perciptual processing

Can't recognize perceptions meanifully

• Receptor cells
• Reception, Transduction, Coding
• Threshold
• Adaptation

• Sense organs with reptors ells - e.g. eyes with rods and cones
• Receptors detect forms of energy - Adequate stimulus - e.g. light

• Reception - Stimulus energy absorb
• Transduction - conversion to grraded potential
• Coding - Frequency and Pattern of action potentials

• Subtrheshold - too wealk to detect
• Absolute threshold - level of stimulus you can detect half the time
• Difference threshold - smallest detected in intensity

Less reactive over time if stimulus is unchanging

• a. Exteroreceptors: external world
• b. Proprioreceptors: Limb position and joint angle
• c. Introreceptors: internal world; body temp, b/p

eye is like a camera

• 1. ganglion cells
• 2. bipolar cells
• 3. rod and cones

• spot of focus
• Has cones almost exclusively
• Rod concertrated around fovea