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/i/
- bee, see, fleet, we, eke, teacher
- point vowel -- high, front, unrounded, tense
-
/I/ /Ir/
- bit, pit, city, whittle, dreary
- rhotic diphthong: hear, steer, really, here, pier
- high, front, unrounded, lax
-
/eI/ /e/
- base, ace, abate, acer
- chaotic, phonate, mandate, decade, rotate
- high-mid, front, unrounded, tense
-
/ɛ/ /ɛr/
- bet, let, head, met, etch, bury, intend
- rhotic diphthong: /ɛr/ – air, fair, hair, dare, there
- Epsilon
- low-mid, front, unrounded, lax
-
/æ/
- bash, had, trash, language, ass, Alabama
- The Ash
- Point vowel -- low, front, unrounded, lax
-
/u/
- (oo) boot, soon, through, chew, loot
- ju -- ū pupil, music, few, you
- point vowel -- high, back, rounded, tense
-
/ʊ/
- book, put, could, pushed, bull, cool
- ʊər -- oor tour, lure, sure
- high, back, rounded, lax
-
/oʊ/ /o/
- (oh) boat, toe, no, flow, below
- prohibit, bodacious, Croatian, rotation
- high-mid, back, rounded, tense
-
/ɔ/
- (aw) caught, paw, war, dawn, thought, wrong, haul, off
- ɔr – corn, bored, foreign, horn, for
- low-mid, back, rounded, tense
-
/ɑ/
- bar, fart, problem, smart, stop, apart, father,
- rot, plod, car, latte, bronze, rotten, pot, not, wasp
- point vowel -- low, back, rounded, tense
-
/ə/
- (uh) about, item, edible, gallop, circus
- only appears in unstressed syllables. Allophones with the phoneme /ʌ/
- swhwa -- mid, central, unrounded, lax
-
/ʌ/
- (uh) butt, cut, run, enough, mustard, must, flood, done
- only appears in stressed syllables. Allophone with the phoneme /ə/
- Low-mid, back-central, unrounded, lax
-
/ɚ/
- butter, winner, pertain, luxury, percussion, Saturday
- always in unstressed syllables (therefore lax)
- mid, central, rounded, lax
-
/ɜr/
- er ur urge, term, firm, word, heard, bird
- burst, deter, third, Thursday, murder, worry, curse
- only in stressed syllables and only mid that is tense
- often confused with rhotic diphthong /εr/: hair v. her
- mid, central, rounded, tense
-
/aI/
by, my, ice, light, lie, feisty, thyme, fiber
-
/ɔI/
(oi) boy, noise, toy, ahoy, flamboyant, coined, exploit, foil
-
/aʊ/
(ow) bout, out, now, bow, sour, clown, around, flower, roused
-
-
-
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Palatal
- /tʃ/ /dʒ/
- /ʃ/ /ʒ/
- - - /j/
- - - /r/
-
Alveolar
- /t/ - /d/
- /s/ - /z/
- - - /n/
- - - /l/
-
-
-
Resonant consonants
- Are produced with resonance throughout the tract. All voiced.
- Nasals: m, n, ng
- Approximants:
- Liquids: /l/, /r/
- Glides: /w/, /j/ (yuh)
-
Nonresonant consonants
Known as?
Types?
Phonemes, how many, what are they?
Obstruents
- Plosives: /p/, /b/, /t/, /d, /k/, /g/ and glottal stop /?/
- Frictives: /f/, /v/, /θ/, /ð/, /s/, /z/, /ʒ/, /ʃ/, /h/
- Affricates: /tʃ/, /dʒ/
-
/m/
voiced, bilabial nasal
-
/p/ /b/
- voiceless, bilabial stop
- voiced , bilabial stop
-
Intraoral Pressure
air pressure within the oral cavity during the period of closure
-
/tʃ/
(ch) church
voiceless palatal affricate
cognate pair
-
-
/w/
which
voiced velar glide
-
/dʒ/
judge
voiced palatal affricate
-
/ŋ/
thing
voiced velar nasal
-
/ʃ/
ship, dish, ration
voiceless palatal frictive
cognate pair
-
/θ/
thin, thigh, beneath
voiceless interdental nasal
cognate pair
-
/ð/
this, thy
voiced interdental nasal
-
/r/
voiced palatal liquid
-
/j/
yes
voiced palatal glide
-
/ʒ/
(zh) vision, pleasure
voiced palatal fricative
cognate pair
-
Cognates
phonemes that differ only in voicing
-
The release of air through the nasal cavity:
Nasal plosion
-
tap
Symbol used to represent the combination of /t/ and /d/, ie: "latter"
-
glottal stop
? life symbol, allophone of /t/
-
/ʒ/ - /ʃ/
often consider to be post-alveolar or palatoalveolar articulation
-
The affricate manner involves a combination of the:
stop and fricative manners.
-
Approximants
Act like vowels and consonants
Glides and Liquids
-
Retroflex or bunched
lifting the tongue or lowering the tongue while pronouncing an "r"
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