biology notes

• the way that abiotic characteristics impact the living organisms present in that area
• the cycling of nutrients through the system (carbon cycle, nitrogen cycle, hudrogeologic cycle)

a biological community consists of the speciel that interact with each other within a particular area

the interactions between species and their impact on each other

a group of individuals of the same species that lives in the same area at the same time

• how the numbers of individuals in a population changes over time due to the interaction of individuals
• its affected by the total number, density, and distribution of individuals in the population

a measurement of the total number of dindividuals per unit area

location of individuals or dispersal of individuals in the space

a separate living entity comprised of single or multiple cells functioning as a unit

how individuals interact with their environment by examining the morphological , physiological, and behavioral adaptations that allow individuals to live successfully in a particular area

the study of ecosystem dynamics such as energy flow among diff types of organisms (producers, consumers, decomposers), biogeochemical cycles, and human impacts

set of all special and abiotic factors in an area

abiotic factors (non living such as water, nutrients, ions, amoung of sunlight energy)

primary producers (organisms that synthesize its own food)

consumers (organisms that eat other organisms)

decomposers (organisms that obtain energy by feeding on dead remains)

feeding level in an ecosystem

energy

heat during metabolism

used for maintenance

dedicated to growth and reproduction

lost when organism tries to process other organism

energy that is invested in new tissue (able to be passed onto another trophic level)

who eats who in an ecosystem

they rarely can provide enough energy for many species feeding above the secondary consumer level

the abiotic factors in an ecosystem do not remain stagnant in one location

always moving throughout the ecosystem

into and out of living organisms

into the atmosphere

into the water sources

population is increasing exponentially

exponentially increasing resources used by that population

a study of the interactions and effect of interactions between species in an area

+/0

one gains and other dies or isnt affected

+/- one gains other loses

-/-

both lose

+/+

both benefit from interactions

increase in average temperature of the earths near surface air and oceans

a condition where there is too much phosphorus in lakes and streams, as a result from poor timing on fertilizer application

When too much phosphorus enters lakes and streams, it can cause algae blooms. Algae blooms block sunlight from reaching the fish and other aquatic plants, and the aquatic life dies.

precipitation that is unusually acidic. elevated levels of hydrogen ions

a region of exceptionally depleted ozone in the stratosphere over the Antarctic that happens at the beginning of Southern Hemisphere spring

the cell theory

the theory of evolution by natural selection

a highly organized compartment that has a plasma membrane that contains concentrated chemicals in an aqueous solution

all organisms are made of cells and all cells come from pre existing cells

a hypothesis is a proposed explanation

a prediction is something that can be measured and must be correct if a hypothesis is valid

an explanation using naturally occurring processes to explain a natural phenomenon

cells arise from cells and not by spontaneous generation

common ancestry

all the cells present descend from pre existing cells and are connected by common ancestry

• all species are related by common ancestry
• the characteristics of species can be modified from generation to generation

a change in the frequency of traits in a population over time

eventually they may not be able to exchange genetic material - at this point they are considered diff species

natural selection

the ability of an individual to produce offspring

• a trait that increases the fitness of an individual in a particular environment
• a trait that evolves due to natural selection

a group of individuals of the same species living in the same area at the same time

• individuals in the population vary in characteristics that are heritable
• in a particular environment, certain versions of these heritable traits help individuals survive better or reproduce more than other versions

• natural selection
• evolutionary change

heritable variation leads to differential success in reproduction

• common ancestry
• posession of cells
• diversity in overall form and function

an idea that has been scientifically tested numerous times and has not been found false