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Solid form of dosage
lozeges, troches, patches
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Liquid form of dosage
sprays, inhalants, emulsions, suspensions, enemas
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Semisolid form of dosage
cream, lotion, ointments, powders, gelatins, suppositories.
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CR
continuous/controlled-release
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CRT
controlled-release tablet
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SR
Sustained/slow-release
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The main difference between capsules and caplets is
capsules can be pulled apart
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Pulvule
type of capsule that is shaped differently for identification purposes
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some hard-shelled capsule that does not come apart because
to ensure tamper resistant
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Lozenges/Troches
releases the medication more slowly; similar to hard candy; chalky consistency
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patches
- For angina, nitroglycerin patches
- For chronic pain, Duragesic (fentanyl patch)
- For motion sickness, scopolamine transdermal patches
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Common devices available OTC inhalants and aerosols are
vaporizers and humidifiers
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Metered dose inhalers (MDIs)
dispense a specific amount of drug with each puff or inhalation. MDIs are used for asthma, bronchitis, or emphysema
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Enemas might be administered for two different reasons:
retention or evacuation. Most common use is to evacuate the lower intestine to prepare for surgeries or for women in labor
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Pastes
contain a smaller amount of liquid base than solids. They are able to absorb skin secretions, unlike other topical agents
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Suppositories
Can be used both rectally and vaginally, bypass the stomach
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Parenteral
the Greek and means "side of intestine" or "outside of intestine"
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SL
sublingual, tablet, sprays
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Buc
buccal, in the cheek; lozenge/troche
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PR
Per rectum; suppository, solution, enema, ointment
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IT
intrathecal, in the spine; solution
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IA
intraarterial, in the artery; solution
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natural body barriers
the skin, stomach, intestines, blood-brain barrier, and other membranous tissues,How well the drug passes through these barriers is the one factor that determines its ultimate effectiveness
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Absorption
the taking in of nutrients from food and liquids
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Bioavailability
the amount of drug that reaches its intended destination by being absorbed into the bloodstream
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Bioequivalence
the difference between a drug that is mnaufactured in a diffeent dosage form or by a different company; include the rate of absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion
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Distribution
the ability of a drug to pass into the bloodstream
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Excretion
elimination of waste products through stools and urine
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instill
to place into; instrutions used for ophthalmeic or otic drugs.
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Metabolism
the physical and chemical changes that take place within an organism.
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Pharmacokinetics
the life of the drug, which includes absorption, metabolism, distribution, and excretion.
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Weak salth acid/base, ie. hydrochloric acid
helps dissolve drug easier once it arrives in the GI system
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Preservative, i.e. Phenol
improves shelf life
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Antifugal, i.e.Benzonic acid
prevents fugal growth
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Base, i.e. Petrolatum
main component to which medication is added for ointments and creams.
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"refrigerate or keep forzen"
the contents should never be left lying aroung to thaw and become unusable
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