kidneys, bladder, urinary tract, some male reproductive systems
in diuretic drugs (water pills) kidneys filter circulating blood by.....
extracting waste products
retaining what we need
know about diuretic drugs......
keep sodium & K from being reabsorbed back into blood
extra sodium & K increase urine volume
what is the therapeutic action of a diurectic....?
to increase the natural excreation of sodium/water and with this lowers blood pressure.
what is the fuctioning unit of the kidney......?
a nephron
thiazide diuretic drugs
also block sodium and K from being reabsorbed into the blood.
*KNOW
Hydrochlorothiazide...
trade names:
HCTZ
hydrodiuril
microzide
loop diuretic drugs......
also block from going into the blood stream
ex: bumex
potassium sparing diuretic drugs......
conserve potassium and allows it to be reabsorbed from the tublule back into the blood
osmotic diurectic drugs....
remain inactive in body increases concentration of the filtrates. Holds water and electrolytes and prevents the water from being reabsorbed.
carbonic anhydrase inhibitor diurectic drugs....
inhibit enzyme carbonic anhydrase in tubule wall cells. bicarbonate and hydrogen ions are NOT formed.
combination diurectic drugs.....
thiazide diurectic drug (hydrochlorothiazide) and potassium sparing diurectic drug
potassium supplements....
diet modification to replace potassium (bananas)
if another supplement is needed, it can be given...
liquids, powders, effervescent tablets, capsules, and tablets
how are dosages measured?
in milliequivalents
(mEq)
*know...
potassium deficiency (hypokalemia) can lead to life-threating cardiac arrhythmias bc electrolyte potassium is crucial to the normal contraction of heart muscle.
what is the primary cause of a UTI..?
gram negative bacteria like Ecoli
antibiotics do what?
kill bacteria
anti-infective is what?
inhibits their growths and eventually bacteria simply die off.
quinolone antibiotic is only used to treat what?....
UTIs
what kind of drug doesn't kill bacteria but inhibits growth by hindering formation of folic acid?
sulfonamide anti-infective drugs
folic acid antagonist drugs....
block formation folic acid in bacterial cells interferes ability of some bacteria to grow and reproduce.
other antibiotic types drugs.....
change urine to ammonia and formaldehyde that kills bacteria.
combination antibiotic/anti-infective drugs....
antibiotic anti-infective sulfa drug works synergistically
*remember
synergism is when 2 drugs combine to produce an effect that is greater than either drug used alone.
what type of environment does bacteria prefer?
alkaline
acidic environment.....
suppresses bacteria growth
symptoms of a UTI....
burning when urinating
frequent and painful urination
have sm amounts
what can bring on spasms in UT...?
infection
catheterization
urinary retention
kidney stones
overactive bladder
anti-spasmodic drugs do what?
relax smooth muscle in urethra/bladder to allow normal emptying
combination drugs contain.....
-analgesic
-anti-spasmodic
-anti infective
-sedative
what is an overactive bladder?
urinary urgency, frequency, and urinary incontinence due involuntary contractions
drugs to treat overactive bladder......
block action of acetylcholine and reduce smooth muscle tone of bladder to decrease bladder contractions, spasms, and incontinence
what does BPH stand for?
benign prostatic hypertrophy
enzyme found in prostate cells interacts with testosterone converting it to dihydrotestosterone which turns prostate gland to hypertrophy.
true/false..
BPH is common in men 50 and older
true
symptoms of BPH...
difficulty urinating
hesitancy
decreased urinary stream
enlarged prostate
proscar.....
drug of choice for treating BPH
enzyme inhibits dihydrotestosterone/reduces its level reducing negative effect on prostate cell.
*the only prob with this is has to b taken 6-12 months to make a difference in the gland
what does androgen refer to?.......
all the various male hormones
what does dihydrotestosterone cause?
BOTH BPH and male pattern baldness
alpha-1-receptor blockers....
block receptors in smooth muscle of nd prostate allowing relaxation for easier flow of urine
what is prostatitis?...........
acute or chronic bacterial infection of prostate gland due urinary tract infection or sexually transmitted disease
how do medications help with erectile dysfunction....?
relaxing smooth muscle of penis arteries, increases blood flow and creating an erection by activating chemical cGMP
OR inhibit an enzyme will inactivate chemical cGMP
meds can either b oral or injected into the side of penis or pallet inserted into the urethra.
what does the musculoskeletal system do for the body?....
body strength
structure
capability of movement
skeleton (bones)
support/protect from outside forces
muscles........
move bones/produce heat maintain a normal body temperature
what diseases is musclular drugs used for?......
osteoporosis
arthritis/osteoarthritis
bursitis
tendinitis
rheumatoid arthritis
muscle spasms
fibromyalgia
gout
contusion/bruises
sprains, strains, pulled muscles
osteoporosis is........
thinning of bone
what are the 2 types of bone cells?....
osteoblasts-deposit of new bones
osteoclasts-break down and remove old/damaged bone
how is osteoporosis prevented...?
taking estrogen
supplementing calcium
increasing exercise
people that have a higher chance of osteoprosis......
more common in women
sm stature caucasion/asian
post menopsusal women
fair skin, red heads, blonds
smokers/alcoholics
decreased exercise
osteoarthritis is........
(known as degenerative joint disease) wear and tear of cartilege in joint
pain swelling in hips/knees
*NO DRUG CAN REVERSE CARTILAGE/BONE DAMAGE THAT HAS ALREADY OCCURED IN JOINT
what are the 4 ways aspirin work?......
anti imflammatory
analgesic
anti pyretic (decreses fever)
anti coagulant (thins blood)
1st drug class of osteoarthritis...
salicylates
2nd drug class of osteoarthritis......
acetaminophens
acetaminophens work as....?
analgesic
antiphretic
3rd drug class is NSAIDS which stands for what?.......
nonsteroidal anti-iflammatory drugs
what do NSAIDS do?.......
inhibit production of prostaglandins with some analgesic effect less chance of causing ulcers
4th drug class of osteoarthritis is COX-2 inhibitor drugs which....
inhibit cyclo oxytenase-2 (or cox-2) decrease the production of prostaglandins annd releive pain.
5th drug class......
corticosteroids-anti-inflammatory effect shouldn't b given long due to side effects
6th drug class........
OTC topical drugs-used to treat pain by diminishing sensory nerve signals
7th drug class under other drugs...
hyaluronic acid secreted synovial membrane of joint maintain lub in the joint
rheumatoid athritis.....
inflammation, swelling, pain, joint deformity, loss of joint function that is triggered by a virus
true/false...
acetaminophen is used for rheumatoid arthritis
FALSE!!
the 1st line of treatment for rheumatoid arthritis is.......
salicylates, NSAIDS, COX-2
what are keletal muscle relaxants used to treat..
starins, sprains, pulled muscles
what is fibromyalgia?
pain in the neck, back, or hips
cause is unknown
gout is.......?
caused by accumulation in uric acid in blood bc kidneys unable to excrete excess uric acid, crystallizes in the joints bringing pain&inflammation
