________________ measure chemical changes in the body
Chemoreceptors
True or False - Pain receptors are not localized very well
True
Pain from another part of the body can be known as what?
Refferred pain
Hearing an equalibrium are measured by the ______?
Ears
The four primary taste sensations are :Sour, bitter, Salty, and ______________
Sweet
True or false: Spicy food activate pain receptors
True
The Auditory tube is also know as the _____________
Eustachian tube
The colored part of the eye is the _____________
Iris
_________ Lenses cause light rays to diverge
Convave
____________ are visual receptors responsible for color vision
Cones
What kind of lense corrects nearsightedness
Concave
___________ can stimulate bone growth
Physical excercise
The jaw is also known as the ______________
Mandible
The axial skeleton consists: skull, thoracic cage and the _________
vertebral column
The knee cap is known as the _____________
Patella
True or False: The foramen Magnum is the largest in the body and serves as an opening for the spinal chord
True
The ___________ bones are located on each side of the skull just behind the frontal bone
Parietal
There are _____ vertebrae in the thoracic region
12
The knee cap is also known as the ___________
Patella
___________ connect bone to bone
Ligaments
____________ connect muscle to bone
Tendons
the ____________ serve as shoick absorbers between two articulating surfaces
Menisci
The shoulder is a __________ joint
Ball and socket joint
The Elbow is a _____ joint
Hinge
The ankle performs ___________ and ___________
Dorsiflexion, plantarflexion
The knee joint consists of the femur, tibia, and ______________
Patella
the four ligaments in the knee are: MCL, LCL, ACL, and _______
PCL
True or false: The radial collateral ligament holds the ulna to the radius
False
the ____________ is the bony protrusion on the posterior side of the elbow joint
olecranon process
The two types of protien filaments found in muscles are _____________ and _________
Actin, Myosin
_______________ is the neurotransmitter that motor neurons use to control skeletal muscle
Acetylcholine
As long as there is __________ you will have muscle contraction
Calcium
True or false: Myoglobin creates a sense of fatigue in muscles.
False
a ____________ contraction occurs with the lengthening of a muscle
Eccentric
____________ twitch muscle fibers are dominant in endurance athletes
slow
the ___________ performs knee extension
quadriceps
the ________ is the strongest supinator in the body
Biceps
The _____________ performs shoulder elevation
trapeizius
The triceps perform elbow _____________
extension
The three main bones making up the shoulder joint are
clavacle, scapula, humerous
give two examples of hinge joins
Elbows and joints between the philanges of the finger
Give two examples of ball and socket joints
Shoulder joint and hip joint
name the five movements of the shoulder
flexion, extension, abduction, adduction, and rotation
the four bones making up the knee joint are:
PAtella, Femur, Tibia, Fibula
The olfactory nerve is:
assocaited with smell
the facial nerve does what
it moves the muscles of the face
the ____________ nerve transmits impulses to the viscera
Vagus
The glossopharyngeal nerve does all of the following except:
associated with hearing(it controls the tongue, swallow and the muscles of the neck)
true or false: the optic nerve transmits impulses for facial expression
False
True or false: the troclear nerve transmits impulses that raise eyelids
false
the __________ nerve raises the eyelids
oculomotor
The abducens nerve is associated with
movement of the eyes
The accessory nerve does:
Swallows and moves neck
The hypoglossal nerve does all the following except:
sense of smell (it actually swollows, moves the tongue and neck)
the peripheral nervous system (PNS) consists of ____________ and ___________
Cranial nerves, spinal nerves
true or false: the largest part of the brain is the medulla oblongata
false
The ___________ is responsible for posture and balance
Cerebellum
_________________ carry the message away from the neurons
Axon
unmyelinated nerve tissue appears what color
gray
if threshold potential is reached an _______________ results
action potential
the three parts of a neuron are all of the following except:
d) mylen ( dentdrite, axon and cell body are correct parts of a neuron)
________________ is the seat of intelligence and personailty
cerebrum
true or false: the left hemisphere is dominant in most individuals
true
the three parts of the brainstem are: pons, medulla oblongata, and ________________
midbrain
____________ controls coughing, sneezing, swallowing, and vomitting
Medula oblongata
true or false: Slow wave sleep is where your dreams occur
false
The ____________ connects the brain to the spinal chord
brainstem
True or false: there are only two ventricles in the brain
false
CSF stands for
Cerebrospinal fluid
an example of negative feedback is:
C) body tempurature
Positive feedback in homeostitic control mechanisms ______________ actions of the body
increases
True or False: Anatomical position requires the palms facing forward and thumbs out.
True
The sagital plane divides the body into _______________
Left and right
The transverse plane divides the body into _______________
superior and and inferior (top and bottom)
The frontal plane divides the body into
anterior and posterior
What is the most common type of feedback loop?
Negative
What is the smallest particle of an element?
Atom
Protons carry:
a positive charge
True or false: A buffer does not resist ph change.
False
a ___________ is the particle formed by the chemical union of two or more atoms
molecule
Neutrons and __________________ are found in the nucleus of an atom
protons
The second shell of an atom can hold up to:
8 electrons
Matter is anything that has _____ and takes up space
Mass
In bonding the ______ shells are filled 1st
lower
____________ are positively charge Ions
cations
true or false: a cation forms when an atome loses electrons
true
true or false: a covalent bond forms by sharing electrons
true
Hydrogen atoms form ______ bonds
single
The basic building block of protien is:
Amino acids
A neutral pH is equal to ____
7
The three major parts of a cell are : the nucleus, cytoplasm, and ____________
cell membrane
true or false: The cell membrane only has one layer.
False
What is the powerhouse of the cell?
mitochondria
The _______________ modifies, packages, and delivers protiens
Golgi aparatus
Sperm cells often have ______________, a whiplike organelle that aids in motility
flagellum
This organelle transports materials in the cell, provides attachment for ribisomes, and synthesizes lipids
the endoplasmic rectilium
true or false: smooth ER has ribosomes
False
in Diffusion, substances move from ___________ concentration , ___________ concentrations
higher, lower
a solution that has lower osmotic pressure (water gain) is:
hypotonic
in __________, smaller molecules are found through pourous membranes
filtration
true or false: Active transport is where carrier molecules transport substannces across a membrane from regions of lower concentration to regions of higher concentration
true
How do cells reproduce?
mitosis
the process in which cytoplasm divides
cytokinesis
In _____________ spindle fibers attach to the centromeres
metaphase
an example of tight junctions would be:
cells that line the intestine
There are four types of tissues: epithilia, connective, nervous, and __________
muscle
Epithilial tissues include all of the following EXCEPT:
C) pseudostratified squamous
Stratified squamous tissues are found ______________
lining the oral cavity, vagina, and anal canal
____________ is the major structural protien of the body
collagen
True or false: Adipose tissue is also known as fat.
True
Three kinds of cartilage are: fibrocartilage, elastic, and ___________
Hyaline
The three kinds of muscle tissue include all of the following EXCEPT:
C) agonist
true or False: epithilial tissus are avascular
True
The most abundant type of tissue is _____________
connective
______________ cartilage is flexible and located on the external ear
elastic
true or false: cartilage has good blood supply
false
____________ are involved in clotting
platelets
What type of muslce is voluntary?
Skeletal
____________ is responsible for sensory reception
nervous
Hormones of the Anterior Pituitary
ACTH (Adrenocortocotrpic Hormone)
TSH (Thyroid Stimulating hormone)
FSH (Follicle-stimulating hormone)
LH (luteinizing hormone)
GH (Growth Hormone)
PRL (Prolactin)
Hormones of the posterior Pituitary
ADH (Antidiuretic hormone)
Oxytocin
Hormones of the Thyroid
Thyroxine (T4) and triiodothyronine (T3)
Calcitonin
Hormones of the Parathyroids
PTH (Parathyroid hormone)
Hormones of the adrenal medulla
epinephrine and noepinephrine
Hormones of the Adrenal Cortex
cortisal (95% of glucoocorticoids)
Aldosterone
sex hormones
Hormones of the Pacreatic islets
Insulin
Glucagon
Testes
testosterone
hormones of the Ovaries
Estrogens
progesterone
thymus
Thymosin
Pineal
Melatonin
GH function
promotes growth of all body tissues
TSH functions
Stimulates thyroid to produce thyroid hormones
ACTH functions
stimulates adrenal cortex to produce cortical hormones, and in protecting body in stree situations(injusry and pain)
PRL functions
Stimulates milk secretion by mamary glands
FSH functions
stimulates growth and hormone activity in ovarian follicles; stimulates growth of testes, promotes develpment of sperm cells
LH functions
Causes development of corpus luteum at site of ruptured ovarian follicle in female, stimulates testosterone secretion in male
ADH function
promotes reabsorbtion of water in kidneyt tubules; high concentrations causes constriction of blood vessles
oxytocin functions
contraction of uterine muscle, cause milk ejection from mamry glands
Thryoxine functions
increases metabolic rate, required for normal growth knfluences physical and mental activities
Calcitonin function
decreases calium in blood level
PTH functions
regualtes exchange of calcium between blood and bones, increase calcium leve in blood
Epinephrine and neopinephrine
increase blood pressure and heart rate, activates cells influences by the sypathetic nervous system plus many not affected by the sympatheitc nerves
Cortisol functions
aids in metabolism of carbohydrates, protiens, and fatsd, active during stress
aldosterone functions
aids in regulating electyrolytes and water balance
sex hormones function
may influence secondary sexual characteristics
insulin functions
needed for transport of glucose into the cells, required for cellular metabolism of foods, especially glujcose, decreases blood sugar levels
Glucogen functions
Stimulates live to release glucose, therby increasing blood sugar levels
Testosterone functions
stimulates growth and development of sexual organs plus develoiment of secondary sexual characterstics such as hair, deepening voice, maturations of sperm cells
Estrogen functions
stimulates growth and development of sexual organs plus develoiment of secondary sexual characterstics such as breasts and changes in pelvis
progesterone functions
stimulates growth and development of sexual organs (uterine and tubes) prepares the uterine lining of egg implatation
Thymosin functions
Promotes groth of T-cell active in immunity
Melatonin functions
regualtes mood, sexual development, and daily cycles in response to the amount of light in the environment