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pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium
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tracheal (hyaline) cartilage
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phonation
sound production at larynx
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articulation
formation of words
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surfactant
lipid secretion coating alveolar surface to prevent collapse
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compliance
ability of lungs to tolerate change in volume
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hypocapnia vs hypercapnia?
- hypocapnia- low carbon dioxide concentration r/t hyperventilation
- hypercapnia- high carbon dioxide concentration r/t hypoventilation or inadequate tissue perfussion
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tidal volume
volume of air move in and out of lungs during normal quiet respiratory cycle
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inspiratory capacity
amt of air you can take in lungs after you complete a quiet resp cycle ( TV + IRV)
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inspiratory reserve volume
max amt of air taken into lungs after a quiet respiratory cycle ( TV + IRV)
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Expiratory Reserve volume (ERV)
amt of additional air moved out of lungs after a normal exhalation
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vital capacity (VC)
max amt of air moved in and out of lungs (IRV + ERV + TV)
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residual volume (RV)
amt of air remains in lungs after max forced exhalation
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functional residual volume (FRV)
amt of air left after completing a quiet respiratory cycle ( ERV + RV)
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total lung capacity (TLC)
total volume of lungs (VC + RV)
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anatomical dead space
amt of air in conducting passages
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respiratory minute volume
amt of air move in and out each minute
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why cartilage rings in trachea incomplete posterior?
allow food bolus travel down posterior esophagus to bulge anterior
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function of nasal cavity mucosa
filter, warm, moisten incoming air
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function of cilia and goblet cells?
sweep and move away debris mucus superior , or away from lungs
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what happens when you cough?
- stuff touches vestibular or vocal folds.
- triggers cough reflex
- glottis kept closed when chest and abdomen muscle contracts
- lungs compressed
- glottis opens suddenly, resulting in blast of air from trachea
- this ejects material blocking entrance to glottis
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what causes lungs to stay against thoracic wall?
- 1-interpleural pressure less then alveolar pressure
- 2-surface tension high in pleural fld and low in surfactant
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4 factors increasing hemoglobin saturation?
- 1- decrease pCO2-
- 2- high blood pH
- 3- decrease temp
- 4- decrease BPG
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3 things reducing compliancy of lungs
- 1- increase surface tension in alveoli (pulm edema, pneumonia)
- 2- decrease elasticity of lung (TB scar tissue)
- 3- decrase ability for chest wall to expand (paralysis, damage to phrenic nerve)
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BPG is what kind of substance?
- produced during glycolysis in RBC
- increases dissociation of osygen from hemoglobin
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what is result of stimulating apneustic center?
prolonged inspiration
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hering breuer reflex protects what ?
protect lungs from damge d/t overinflation
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1) what is decompression sickness?
2) what gas causes the problem?
- 1) painful condition developing when person is exposed to sudden drip in atmospheric pressure.
- 2) nitrogen causes the problem
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why does pulmonary edema cause a decrease in effeciency of diffusion?
it increases diffusion distance for oxygen
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what does lung perfusion do?
constrict capillaries in response to low oxygen
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which is greater, RR when BP drops OR RR when BP rises?
When BP falls
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how is CO2 transported ?
- disolve in plasma
- disolve in cytoplasm of RBC
- carbonic acid
- combined with globin part of hemoglobin
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DRAW THE CHART for RESPIRATORY FXN and the different values
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DRAW respiratory fxn chart
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what is the COMPLETE equation for CO2 in Water?
CO2 + H2O <=> H2CO3 <=> H+ + HCO3-
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what will decrease FEV1?
obstructive pulmonary disease
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what keeps lungs up against thoracic wall?
- surface tension
- intrapleural pressure less than alveolar pressure
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muscles that contract during forced exhalation?
- external oblique
- transverse abdominus
- internal obliques
- rectus abdominus
- internal intercostals
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what does hypoventilation do to pH?
decrease
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If the chest wall (including the parietal pleura) is punctured, would the pressure in the pleural cavity increase or decrease?
increase?
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examples of Restrictive pulmonary disease?
- emphysema
- pneumonia
- TB
- polio
- paralysis
- pneumothorax
- muscular dystrophy
- pregnancy
- Tuberculosis
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what are the sounds As air passes through the trachea?
bronchial sounds
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After a normal inhalation, Joan normally exhaled into a hand held
spirometer and got a reading of 375 ml. Following the exhalation, her
instructor told her to keep on exhaling using all of her accessory
muscles and she was able to exhale an additional 1300 ml. Which lung
volume or capacity was the 1300 ml measuring?
expiratory reserve volume
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The amount of air that remains in the lungs after you exhale your tidal volume
functional residual volume
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Given the following information:
TV = 400 ml
ERV = 2000 ml
IRV = 1000 ml
RV = 1200 ml
The inspiratory capacity is
- IC = TV + IRV
- IC = 400 + 1000
- IC = 1400 ml
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Tidal volume: 600 ml
Expiratory reserve volume: 2500 ml
Inspiratory reserve volume: 3500
residual volume: 1400 ml
what is TLC?
- TV + ERV+ IRV + RV = TLC
- 600 + 2500 + 3500 + 1400 = 8000 ml
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what is being measured when determining tidal volume?
Volume of air in and out during normal or quiet breathing
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formula to calculate vital capacity?
VC = ERV + TV + IRV
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Austin is breathing rapidly and deeply after running 5 blocks. what will happen to VC?
VC will stay the same
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FXN of Respiratory System?
- 1. protect and condition resp surfaces
- 2. sense odors
- 3. produce sound
- 4. move air in to and from exhange surfaces of lungs
- 5. provide extensive area for gas exchange
- 6. assist in regulation of blood volume and pressure/pH balance
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external respiration?
exchange of gas between atmosphere and blood
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internal respiration?
exchange of gas between blood and interstitial fld
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why is tracheal cartilage C ringed?
keep airway open, as esophagus is behind and it allows it to bulge when bolus of food swallowed
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why trachealis muscle is smooth?
change diameter of trachea r/t coughing stuff up and out of trachea
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Order of Bronchi from large to small?
- 1. primary bronchi (divide trachea-carina at end of trachea)
- 2. secondary bronchi
- 3. tertiary bronchi
- 4. bronchioles
- 5. terminal bronchioles
- 6. respiratory bronchioles
- 7. alveoli (gas exchange)
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character differences of R and L bronchi and why?
- R- shorter, larger diameter
- L- longer, smaller diameter, more horizontal
R/T position of heart and how they have to go over the heart
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conducting portion of resp system is where?
above diaphragm before getting to alveoli (dead space)
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fxn of larynx?
- open airway
- act as switch mechanism for air vs food
- sound production
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phonation?
produce sound by vibration of vocal folds
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why hiccup?
diaphragm moves funny so you breath in air sudden and air hits vocal cord when not ready
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articulation
formation of words
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if vocal cord tension is tight what sound is made?
if it is looser what is the sound made?
- tight- high pitch
- loose- low pitch
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what is in resp portion of resp system?
- resp bronchioles
- alveolar sac
- alveolar duct
- alveoli
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what is the only cell to do gas exchange? can they regenerate? why ? shape of cell?
- only cell for gas exchange is-- type 1 alveolar cell
- no mitosis occurs so they do not regenerate
- shape is simple squamous
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type 2 alveolar cell secretes what fld? what is the shape? can it regenerate?
- fluid secreted is surfactant.
- shape is simple cuboidal
- YES regenerates
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what is surfactant ? fxn?
- surfactant- watery liquid lining alveoli .
- made of phospholipid/lipoprotien.
- it looks like soapy detergent
- fxn- reduce surface tension during breathing.
- expiration ( prevent collapse of alveoli)
- inspiration (reduce force required to inflate lungs)
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if a lung is collaped what would it look like on an xray?
not full of air so appear more dense = more white seen
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why does air move into lungs?
why does it move out of lungs?
- 1) moves into lungs - pressure in lungs LESS then atmospheric pressure
- 2) moves out of lungs- pressure in lungs is GREATER then atmospheric pressure
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according to boyles law
if the size of a container decreases what happens to pressure? why?
- if container size decreases then pressure will increase (inverse relationship)
- r/t molecules in container have less area to hit so pressure increases on each inch of area
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applying boyles law to lungs--
what happens to volume and pressure as you inhale and exhale? what happens to position of thoracic cavity?
boyles law says:
- inhalation= volume increase/pressure decrease--->diaphragm moves downward position and ribs outward and up
- exhalation= volume decrease/pressure increase--->diaphragm relaxes so ribs move in downward position
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Dalton's Law?
- each gas is a mixture and exherts own gas. It acts as if there are no other gasses present.
- TOTAL pressure = sum of all partial pressures
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equation for calculating partial pressure?
Pp= 760 (x) % of air that is in gas
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Henry's law?
quantity of gas that will disolve in a liquid is dependant on amt of gas present and solubility of soln.
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what happens to nitrogen during decompression sickness?
nitrogen increases more pressure in blood so it can dissolve in the blood. as you come back to surface too fast the nitrogen goes back to gas form and puts air bubbles in capillaries where they can rip or even burst
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what happens to breathing in a high altitude? why?
in a high altitude there is less ability to breathe r/t less gas exchange
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which part of brain controls speed of breathing and sets the pace?
which part of brain speeds up /or slows it down?
- medulla controls breathing rate
- pons speeds up/slows it down
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what part of pons controls inhibitory impules ? what does that do to lungs?
pneumotaxic center - inhibitory to stop lungs from overinflating during inspiration
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what part of pons controls stimulatory signals? why do we need them?
apneustic center stimulates inspiratory area to speed up so it doesnt prolong inspiration
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what is hypoxia? what are the types and give examples of how you can get it?
hypoxia- lack of O2 at tissue level
- 1) hypoxic hypoxia- low pO2 in arterial blood (high altitude, fld in lung, obstruction)
- 2) anemic hypoxia- too little fx Hb (hemorrhage, anemia)
- 3) ischemic hypoxia- blood flow too low
- 4) histotoxic hypoxia- cyanide poison (blocked metabolic stages, O2 usage)
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effects of smoking on respiratory efficiency?
- 1)nicotine contrict term bronchioles
- 2)carbon monoxide binds to hemoglobin
- 3) irritant in smoke cause excess mucus secretion
- 4) irritant inhibit movement of cilia
- 5) destroy elastic fiber in lung leading to emphysema
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