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Structuralism
early perspective in psychology associated with Wilhelm Wundt and Edward Titchener, in which the focus of study is the structure or basic elements of the mind
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functionalism
early perspective in psycology associated with William James, in which the focus of study is how the mind allows people to adapt, live,work, and play
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Objective introspection
the process of examining and measuring ones own thoughts and mental activities
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Gestalt psychology
early perspective in psychology focusing on perception and sensation, particularly the perception of patterns and whole figures
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Receptor sites
holes in the surface of the dendrites or certain cells of the muscles and glands, which are shaped to fit only certain neurotransmitters
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Inhibitory synapse
synapse at which a neurotransmitter causes the receiving cell to stop firing
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excitatory synapse
synapse at which a neurotransmitter causes the receiving cell to fire
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Agonist
chemical substances that mimic or enhance the effects of a neurotransmitter no the receptor sites of the next cell, increasing or decreasing the activity of that cell
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Antagonist
chemical substances that block or reduce a cell's response to the action of other chemicals ore neurotransmitters
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Central Nervous system
part of the nervous system that contains the brain and the spinal chord
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Peripheral nervous system
all nerves and neurons that are not contained in the brain and spinal chord but that run through the body itself
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Autonomic Nervous system
division of the PNS consisting of nerves that control all of the involuntary muscles, organs and glands
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Somatic Nervous system
division of the pns consisting of nerves that carry info from the senses to the CNS, and from the CNS to the voluntary muscles of the body
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Sympathetic
(fight of flight) part of the ANS that is responsible for reacting to stressful situations and bodily arousal
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parasympathetic
pat of the ANS that restores the body to normal functioning after arousal and is responsible for the day to day functioning of the organs and glands
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Association areas
areas within each lobe of the cortex responsible for the coordination, and interpretation of info, as well as higher mental processing
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top down processing
the use of pre-existing knowledge to organize individual features into a unified whole
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bottom up processing
the analysis of the smaller features to build up to a complete perception
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Gestalt Principles
- figure ground
- proximity
- similarity
- contiguity
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figure ground
the tendency to perceive objects or figures as existing on a background
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proximity
tendency to perceive objects that are close to each other as part of the same grouping~~~ physical or geographical nearness
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similarity
tendency to perceive things that look similar to each other as part of the same group
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contiguity
the tendency to perceive two things that happen close together in time as bing related
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dominant gene
referring to a gene that actively controls the expression of a trait
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recessive gene
a gene that only influences the expression of a trait when paired with an identical gene
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teratogen
any factor that causes a birth defect
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scaffolding
process in which a more skilled learner gives help to a less skilled learner become more capable
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zone of proximal development
Vygotskys concept of the difference between what a child can do alone and what that child can do with the help of a teacher
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personal fable
type of thought common to adolescents in which young people believe themselves to be unique and protected from harm
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Restorative Theory
theory of sleep proposing that sleep is necessary to the physical health of the body and serves to replenish chemicals and repair cellular damage
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adaptive theory
theory of sleep proposing that animals and humans evolved sleep patterns to avoid preditors by sleeping when predators are most active
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REM rebound
increased amounts of REM sleep after being deprived of REM sleep on earlier nights
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REM paralysis
the inability of the voluntary muscles to move during REM sleep
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permissive indulgent parenting
parents are so involved in children that children are allowed to behave without set limits
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permissive neglectful
parents are uninvolved with child or childs behavior
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authoritative parenting
style of parenting in which parents combine warmth and affection with firm limits on a childs behavior
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Authoritarian parenting
parents is rigid and overly strict, showing little warmth to the child
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