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scientific method
- -ask a question
- -do background research
- -construct hypothesis
- -test with experiment
- -analyze results and draw conclusions
- -either report or construct another hypothesis
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theory
a well-substantiated explanation of some aspect of the natural world that can incorporate facts, laws, logical inferences and tested hypothesis
never say going to happen
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6 elements that are the major constituentes of living tissue
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How much of the bioshere do CHONPS make up?
95%
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biosphere
zone of life on earth
global sum of all ecosystem
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ecosystem
biotic/abiotic
components of a system
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atomic number
number of protons
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atomic weight
average mass of atoms of an element, calcuated using the relative abundance of isotopes in a naturally occuring
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isotope *
atoms with the same number of protons, but a different number of neutrons
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first elements made
H and He
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When was the big bang
between 13-18 bya
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What is the big bang making H and He called?
nucleosynthesis
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how fast were H and He formed?
100-300 sec
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What happened 1 billion years after the big bang?
Stars and hevier elements formed
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what was the stars forming 1 billion years after the big bang called?
stellar nucleosynthesis
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How do you create heavier elements?
up tempurature and pressure
combine He's
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Who came up with the Nebular hypothosis
Emanuel Swedenborg
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What is the Nebular Hypothosis called today
solar nebular disk
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The Nebular Hypothosis
Explosion - lots of gas and particles
light on the outside/heavy and dense on inside
formation of protoplanets = mashed together
solar system - dense planets close and gas planets far out
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When was earth formed?
4.6 bya
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How much bigger was the earth when it was formed?
1000 x
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what was the earth made of when formed?
mostly H and He
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How did the earth get to the size it is now?
heavier elements pulled into center
H and He blown away by solar wind
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What was the earth like when formed
hot and molten
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What does our solar system look like?
8 planets
medium sized star
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How many stars in the milky way galaxy?
1011
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Which direction are most of the galaxies moving?
away from the milky way
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Where are the rocky planets?
on the inside
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where are the gas giants?
on the outside
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Density stratification
crust forms
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What is density?
mass per unit volume ex: g/cm3
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physical earth layers
- -crust
- -ocean
- -lithosphere
- -asthenosphere
- -mesosphere
- -outer core - liquid
- -inner core - soild
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origin of the earth's atmosphere
partial melting resulted in outgasing
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when was the atmosphere created?
40 bya
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What is outgassing
similar to gases emitted by a volcanoe
- mainly water vapors
- CO2 H
- other gases
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Where did the ocean come from?
- 1. outgasing - water vapor release, condensed as rain, accumulate, 4 bya, mostly from here
- 2. comets - ice
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planet water
-70.8% covered by water
- -97% in seawater in oceans and seas
- -2% freshwater lakes and rivers
- -1% ice and snow
- .00057% atmospheric water
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When was the moon formed?
4.5 bya
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how was the moon formed
meteor collision
ejection
condensation
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How much of the earth is covered by water?
70.8%
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ion
an atom or molecule where the total number of electrons is not equal to the total number of protons, giving it a net overall negative or positive charge
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ionic bond
electrons gained or lost
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covalent bond
electrons shared
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hydrogen bond
intermolecular bond of H with an electronegative atom
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What is the angle between the two H+ in water?
105 degrees
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what is the bond in a water molecule?
covalent
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polarity
negative and positive ends
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bonding between water molecules
hydrogen
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which is stronger hydrogen or covalent bond?
covalent
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what is responsible for water surface tension
Hydrogen bonds
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adhesion
makes beads stay in place
H bonding causes
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How much water in humans
65%
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how much water in blood
83%
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how much water in plants?
95%
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how much water in jellyfish?
99%
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water is the universal solvent
it can dissolved nearly everything
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how do water molecules disolve things?
water molecules can fit around sodium
hydrated molecule
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salinity
total amount of solid material dissolves in water (not including disolved organic substances) it is the ration of the mass of the disolved stubstances to the mass of the water sample
it does not include fine particles
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how do we express salinity?
parts per thousand
%
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what are over 1/2 of the salts in the ocean
chlorine
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how do we measure salinity
principle of constant proportion
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principle of constant proportion
the major dissolved constituents responsible for the salinity of seawater occur nearly everywhere in the ocean in exact same proportions, regardless of saleinty
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salinity=
1.80655 x chlorinity
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what are the states of matter?
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how do change matter from one state to another?
add or remove heat
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Heat comes from...
- -friction
- -burning
- -chemical reaction
- -radioactive decay
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calorie
the amount of heat required to raise the temperature of 1 gram by 1 degree C
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water as a gas
water vapor
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liquid to gas
- vaporization
- evaporation
- boiling
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gas to liquid
condensation
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