Bio H

Made primarily of carbon compounds

Clustors of atoms

Smaller simpler compounds that are build up carbon compounds

A molecule that consists of repeated, linked units

Large polymers

Monomers link to form polymers through a chemical reaction

Water is used to break down a polymer

Organic compounds composed or carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen in a ratio of about one carbon atom to two hydrogen atoms to one oxygen atom

A monomer of carbohydrate

Two monosaccharide can combine in a condensation reaction to form a double sugar

A complex molecule composed of three or more monosaccharides

Organic compounds composed mainly of carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, and nitrogen

Proteins are formed from the linkage of monomers

Two amino acids form a covalent bond

Amino acids form very long chains

RNA or protein molecules that act as biological catalysts

Reactant being catalyzed

Enzymes that has folds

Large nonpolar organic molecules

Unbranched carbon chains that make up most lipids

Two, rather than three, fatty acids attatched to a molecule of glyceral

A type if structural lipid consisting of a long fatty-acid chain joined to a long alcohol chain

Molecules that are composed of four fused carbon rings with various functional groups attatched to them

Very large and complex organic molecules that store and transfer important information in the cell

Contains information that determines the characteristics of an organism and directs its cell activities

Stores and transfers information from DNA that is essential for the manufacturing of proteins

Made of three main components: a phosphate group, a five-carbon sugar, and a ring-shaped nitrogenous base

Substances can cross the cell membrane without any input of energy by the cell

The movement of molecules from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration

Difference in the concentration of molecules across a distance

Concentration of molecules will be the same thoughout the space the molecules occupy

The process by which water molecules diffuse svross a cell membrane from an area of higher concentration, osmosis does not require cells to expend energy

When the concentration of solute molecules outside the cell is lower than the concentration in the cytosol, the solution outside

When the concentration of solute molecules outside the cell is higher than the concentration in the cytosol,the solution is outside

Organelles that remove water

The pressure that water molecules exert against the cell wall

The cell shrinks away from the cell walls, and turgor pressure is lost

Type of passive transport

Proteins that asist molecules across the cell membrane

Transport ions from higher to lower concentrations

Active transport in animal cells that involves a carrier protein

The process by which cells ingest external fluid, macromolecules, and large particles, including other cells

A membrane-bound organelle that pinched off from the cell membrane

Two types of endocytosis are based on the kind of meterial that is taken into the cell

The movement of large particles or whole cells

Cells that allow lysosomes to fuse with the vesicles that contain the ingested bacteria and viruses

The process by which a substance is released from the cell through a vesicle that transports the substance th the cell surface and then fuses with the membrance to let the substance out of the cell