GN terms 2

Lacks a centromere; Produced when crossing over takes place w/in a paracentric inversion. The ___ does not attach to a spindle fiber and does not segregate in meiosis or mitosis; so it is usually lost after 1 or more rounds of cell division

Chromosome in which the centromere is near one end, producing a long arm at one end and a knob, or satellite, at the other end

Component of the genetic variance that can be attributed to the additive effect of diff genotypes

Type of segregation that takes place in a heterozygote for a translocation. If the original, nontranslocated chromosomes ar N1 and N2 and the chromosomes containing the translocated segments T1 and T2, then __ takes place when N1 and T2 move toward one pole and T1 and N2 move toward the opposite pole

Type of segregation that takes place in a heterozygote for a translocation. If the original, nontranslocated chromosomes are N1 and N2 and the chromosomes containing the translocated segments are T1 and T2, then __ takes place when N1 and T1 move toward one pole and T2 and N2 move toward the opposite pole

Proportion of a particular allele in a population

Condition in which the sets of chromosome of a polyploid individual possessing more than 2 haploid sets are derived from 2 or more species

Type of segregation that takes place in a heterozygote for a translocation. If the original, nontranslocated chromosomes are N1 and N2, and the chromosomes containing the translocated segments T1 and T2, then __ takes place when N1 and N2 move toward one pole and T1 and T2 move toward the opposite pole

Type of allopolyploidy in which 2 diff diploid genomes are combined, so that every chromosome has 1 and only 1 homo partner and the genome is functionally diploid

Change from the wild type in the # of chromosomes; Most often an increase or decrease of 1 or 2 chromosomes

Selection practiced by the humans

Special site on a bacterial chromosome where a prophage may insert itself

Condition in which all the sets of chromosomes of a polyploid individual possessing more than 2 haploid sets are derived from a single species

Proportion of the phenotypic variance that can be attributed to genetic variance

Loss of a chromosome segment

Mutation that doubles a segment of a chromosome

Rearrangement in which a segment of a chromosome has been inverted 180 degrees

Difference from the wild type in the # or structure of 1 or more chromosomes; Often affects many genes and has a large phenotypic effects

Change from the wild type in the structure of 1 or more chromosomes

Clump of genetically identical bacteria derived from a single bacterial cell that undergoes repeated rounds of division

Capable of taking up DNA from its envt (capable of being transformed)

Used to culture bacteria or some other microorganism; Contains all the nutrients required for growth and synthesis, including those normally synthesized by the organism. Nutritional mutants can grow on __

Mechanism by which genetic material may be exchanged btw bacterial cells. During __, 2 bacteria lie close together and a cytoplasmic connection forms btw them. A plasmid or sometimes a part of the bacterial chromosome passes through this connection from 1 cell to the other

Degree of association btw 2 or more variables

Statistic that measures the degree of association btw 2 or more variables. A __ can range from -1 to +1. A + value indicates a direct relation btw the variables; a - value indicates an inverse relation. The absolute value of the __ provide info about the strength of association btw the variables

Process in which 2 or more genes are transferred together from 1 bacterial cell to another. Only genes located close together on a bacterial chromosome will be __

Process in which 2 or more genes are transferred together during cell transformation

Structure produced when the 1 centromeres of a dicentric chromatid are pulled toward opposite poles, stretching the dicentric chromosome across the center of the nucleus. Eventually, the __ breaks as the 2 centromeres are pulled apart

Chromatid that has 2 centromeres; Produced when crossing over takes place w/in a paracentric inversion. The 2 centromeres of the __ are frequently pulled toward opposite poles in mitosis or meiosis, breaking the chromosome

Selection in which one trait or allele is favored over another

Chromosome rearrangement in which the duplicated segment is some distance from the original segment, either on the same chromosome or on a diff one

Component of the genetic variance that can be attributed to dominance (interaction btw genes at the same locus)

Characterized by variable degrees of mental retardation, characteristic facial features, some retardation of growth and development, and an increased incidence of heart defects, leukemia, and other abnormalities; Cased by the duplication of all or part of the chromosome 21

Characterized by severe retardation, low-set ears, a short neck, deformed feet, clenched fingers, heart problems, and other disabilities; Results from the presence of 3 copies of chromosome 18

Effective # of breeding in adults in a pop; Influenced by the # of individuals contributing genes to the next generation, their sex ratio, variation btw individuals in reproductive success, fluctuations in pop size, the age structure of the pop, and whether mating is random

Component of the phenotypic variance that is due to environmental differences among individual members of a pop

Plasmid capable of integrating into a bacterial chromosome

Situation in which no further change takes place; in pop genetics, refers to a pop in which allelic frequencies do not change

Episome of E coli that controls conjugation and gene exchange btw E coli cells. The __ contains an origin of replication and genes that enable the bacterium to undergo conjugation

Caused by a Robertsonian translocation in which the long arm of chromosome 21 is translocated to another chromosome; tends to run in families

Reproductive success of a genotype compared w/ that of other genotypes in a pop

Point at which one allele reaches a frequency of 1. At this point, all members of the pop are homo for the same allele

Sampling error that arises when a pop is established by a small # of individuals; leads to genetic drift

Constriction or gap that appears at a particular location on a chromosome when cells are cultured under special conditions. One __ on the human X chromosome is associated w/ mental retardation (fragil-X syndrome) and results from an expanding trinucleotide repeat

Graphical way of representing values. In genetics, usually the phenotypes found in a group of individuals are displayed as a __. Typically, the phenotypes are plotted on the horizontal x axis and the numbers (or proportions) of individuals w/ each phenotype are plotted on the vertical y axis

Total of all genes in a pop

Transduction in which any gene may be transferred from one bacterial cell to another by a virus

Sampling error that arises when a pop undergoes a drastic reduction in a pop size; Leads to genetic drift

Phenotypic correlation due to the same genes affecting 2 or more characteristics

Change in allelic frequency due to sampling error

Introduction of new genetic variation into an inbred pop that often dramatically improves the health of the pop in an effort to increase its chances of long-term survival

Component of the phenotypic variance that is due to genetic differences among individual members of a pop

Component of the phenotypic variance that results from an interaction btw genotype and envt. Genotypes are expressed differently in diff envts

Component of the genetic variance that can be attributed to genic interaction (interation btw genes at diff loci)

Proportion of a particular genotype

Individual organism that is a mosaic for the sex chromosomes, possessing tissues w/ diff sex-chromosome constitutions

Must be present in 2 copies for normal function. If one copy of the gene is missing, a mutant phenotype is produced

Important principle of pop genetics stating that, in a large, randomly mating pop not affected by mutation, migration, or natural selection, allelic frequencies will not change and genotypic frequencies stabilize after one generation in the proportions p2 (the freq of AA), 2pq (the freq of Aa), and q2 (freq of aa), where p=freq of allele A and q=freq of a

Frequencies of genotypes when the conditions of the Hardy-Weinberg law are met

Proportion of phenotypic variation due to genetic differences

Transfer of genes from one organism to another by a mechanism other than reproduction

Mating btw related individuals that takes place more frequently than expected on the basis of chance

Measure of inbreeding; The probability (ranging from 0 to 1) that two alleles are identical by descent

Decreased fitness arising from inbreeding; Often due to the increased expression of lethal and deleterious recessive traits

Maps the locations of mutations w/in a single locus

Statistic that describes the center of a distribution of measurements; Calculated by dividing the sum of all measurements by the # of measurements; Also called the average

Group of interbreeding, sexually reproducing individuals

Characteristic whose phenotype varies in whole numbers, such as number of vertebrae

Chromosome in which the two chromosome arms are approximately the same length

Movement of genes from one pop to another

Used to culture bacteria or some other microorganism; contains only the nutrients req by prototrophic (wild-type) cells-typically, a carbon source, essential elements such as nitrogen and phosphorus, certain vitamins, and other req ions and nutrients

Absence of one of the chromosomes of a homo pair

Condition in which regions of tissue w/in a single individual have diff chromosome constitutions

Proportion of the phenotypic variance that can be attributed to additive genetic variance

Differential reproduction of genotypes

Mating btw unlike individuals that is more frequent than would be expected on the basis of chance

Movement of a chromosome segment to a nonhomo chromosome or region w/o any (or w/ unequal) reciprocal exchange of segments

Common type of freq distribution that exhibits a symmetrical, bell-shaped curve; Usually arises when a large # of independent factors contribute to the measurement

Absence of both chromosomes of a homo pair (2n-2)

Mating btw unrelated individuals that is more frequent than would be expected on the basis of chance

Selection in which the heterozygote has higher fitness than that of either homozygote; Also called heterozygote advantage

Chromosome inversion that does not include the centromere in the inverted region

Characterized by severe mental retardation, a small head, sloping forehead, small eyes, cleft lip and palate, extra fingers and toes, and other disabilities; Results from the presence of 3 copies of chromosome 13

Chromosome inversion that includes the centromere in the inverted region

Correlation btw 2 or more phenotypes in the same individual

Measure the degree of phenotypic differences among a group of individuals; Composed of genetic, environmental, and genetic-environmental interaction variances

Extension of the surface of some bacteria that allows conjugation to take place. When a _ on one cell makes contact with a receptor on another cell, the _ contracts and pulls the 2 cells together

Clear patch of lysed cells on a continuous layer of bacteria on the agar surface of a petri plate. Each _ represents a single original phage that multiplied and lysed many cells

Small, circular DNA molecule found in bacterial cells that is capable of replicating independently from the bacterial chromosome

Possession of more than 2 haploid sets of chromosomes

The group of interest; Often represented by a subset called a sample. Also, a group of members of the same species

Dependence of the expression of a gene on the gene's location in the genome

Mating btw like individuals that is more frequent than would be expected on the basis of chance

Caused by the presence of 3 copies of chromosome 21

Phage genome that is integrated into a bacterial chromosome

Expression of a normally recessive allele owing to a deletion on the homo chromosome

Genetic analysis of complex characteristics or characteristics influenced by multiple genetic factors

A gene or chromosomal region that contributes to the expression of quantitative characteristics

Narrow-sense heritability measured from a response-to-selection experiment

Reciprocal exchange of segments btw 2 non-homo chromosomes

Analysis of how one variable changes in response to another variable

Statistic that measures how much one variable changes, on average, w/ a unit change in another variable

The amt that a characteristic changes in one generation owing to selection; equals the selection differential times the narrow-sense heritability

Duplication of a chromosome segment in which the sequence of the duplicated segment is inverted relative to the sequence of the original segment

Translocation in which the long arms of 2 acrocentric chromosomes become joined to a common centromere, resulting in a chromosome w/ 2 long arms and usually another chromosome w/ 2 short arms

Subset used to describe a pop

Deviations from expected ratios due to chance occurrences when the number of events is small

Measure of the relative intensity of selection against a genotype; equals 1-fitness

Difference in phenotype btw the selected individuals and the average of the entire pop

Transduction in which genes near special sites on the bacterial chromosome are transferred from one bacterium to another; requires lysogenic bacteriophages

Statistic that describes the variability of a group of measurements; the square root of the variance

Chromosome in which the centromere is displaced toward one end, producing a short arm and a long arm

Duplication of a chromosome segment that is adjacent to the original segment

Chromosome in which the centromere is at or very near one end

Bacteriophage that utilizes the lysogenic cycle, in which the phage DNA integrates into the bacterial chromosome and remains in an inactive state

Presence of 2 extra copies of a chromosome (2n+2)

Discontinuous characteristic whose expression depends on an underlying susceptibility that varies continuously

Contains a piece of the bacterial chromosome inside the phage coat

Bacterial cell that has received genes from another bacterium through transduction

Type of gene exchange that takes place when a virus carries genes from one bacterium to another. After it is inside the cell, the newly introduced DNA may undergo recombination with the bacterial chromosome

Cell that has received genetic material through transformations

Mechanism by which DNA found in the medium is taken up by the cell. After _, recombination may take place btw the introduced genes and the cellular chromosome

Movement of a chromosome segment to a non-homo chromosome or to a region w/in the same chromosome. Also, movement of a ribosome along mRNA in the course of translation

Individual organism heterozygous for a translocation

Presence of an additional copy of a chromosome (2n+1)

Presence of 3 copies of chromosome 8; in humans, results in mental retardation, contracted fingers and toes, low-set malformed ears, and a prominent forehead

Gamete that has a variable # of chromosomes; Some chromosomes may be missing and others may be present in more than one copy

Selection in which the heterozygote has lower fitness than that of either homozygote

Inheritance of both chromosomes of a homo pair from a single parent

Statistic that describes the variability of a group of measurements

Bacteriophage that reproduces only through the lytic cycle and kills its host cell

Noncellular replicating agent consisting of nucleic acid surrounded by a protein coat; Can replicate only w/in its host cell