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Define physiology
How the body works (study of biological function)
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Define Comparative Physiology
Comparing different animal groups
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Define Vitalism
Belief in mysterious reasons (e.g. spiritual healing) to deal with the unknown. Replaced by physiology & chemistry.
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Define Teleology
Doctrine of final purpose (we were designed with a final product in mind). Eg. Intelligent design. Replaced by evolution.
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Define hypothesis
Educated guess made based on observations.
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Define Theory
Conclusions made based on the experimentation of hypothesis and constant confirmation.
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What does physiology emphasize?
Correct function of the body.
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Scientific method always begins with ?, ends with ?
Observation, Publication
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Who was Eracistratus?
Greek anatomist; credited with description of the valves of the heart.
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Who was Galen?
Roman physician, surgeon, philosopher. Contributed to pathology.
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Who was William Harvey?
English physician; first to correctly describe blood flow of the heart
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Who was Claude Bernard?
French physiologist; One of first to use "blind" experiments. Defined what would become "homeostasis".
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Who was Walter Cannon?
Coined the term, "homeostasis"
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Define Milieu interieur
Fundamental concept that the living organism exists in an aqueous internal environment which bathes all tissues and provides a medium for the elementary exchange of nutrients and waste.
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Define homeostasis
Constancy of internal bodily fluids
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What do we mean when we say physiologists are "mechanists?"
They study the mechanisms of human body
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What are the two theories of biology?
Cell Theory & Evolution
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Describe Negative feedback loop. Why is it important?
- 1. Set point is changed (homeostasis is broken)
- 2. Sensors send news to integrator
- 3. Integrators identify problem and comes up with solution
- 4. Effectors are unleashed by integrators to bring back homeostasis
Important because it promotes homeostasis
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Define Dynamic Constancy?
homeostasis (changing, but maintained)
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What is a positive feed-back loop?
Actions of effectors amplifies the changes. eg. Blood clotting
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Define intrinsic
Built in
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Define extrinsic
Regulation of organs by nervous and endocrine system.
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Effectors are regulated by what two control mechanisms?
Nervous System & Endocrine System
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4 primary tissues?
Muscle, connective, nervous, epithelial
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Name 2 exocrine glands
Salivary glands, sweat glands
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Define hormone
Chemical regulators carried in the blood
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Define ligand
substance that is able to bind to and form acomplex with a biomolecule to serve a biological purpose
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Define receptor protein
embedded in either the plasma membrane or the cytoplasm of a cell, to which one or more specific kinds of signaling molecules may attach
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Define target tissue
Tissues targeted by hormones
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