Cell Organelles

Type: Protists

Structure: Like a sun-shaped....

• Function: Expands and contracts to remove excess of water:
• distole: H₂O in
• systole: H₂O out

Type: Animal, plant, protists, fungi

Structure: DNA, ribosomes, cristae, matrix, ATP synthesis particles.

Function: Generate ATP: convert unusable energy for cell

Type: Plant, protist

Structure: Outer/inner membranes, stroma (syrup), thylakoid (single), granum (stacked).

Funcition: Photosynthesis occurs here. Produces glucose

Type: All Eukaryotic

Structure: Single membrane, no DNA, oxidative enzymes; located in liver and kidney cells.

Function: Detox alcohol/bile acid formation, use O₂ to break down fats; converts H₂O₂ to H₂O (stabalizes levels!)

• Microtubules (thickest)
• Intermediate Filaments (medium)
• Microfilaments (thinnest)

Type: Animal, protist

• Function: Organize mitotic spindle and complete cytokinesis.
• **Part of CENTROSOMES**

Structure: 9-pointed star, containing (3 per point) microtubules.

Type: Animal, plant, protist, fungi

Structure: 2 Centrioles paired perpendicularly

Function: Contain proteins needed to make microtubules

Type: Animal, fungi, bacteria, some protists

• Structure: Hairlike fibers outside of still. Microtubule based cytoskeleton, "axoneme" - proteins linked.
• Basal body - where microtubules organize and are attatched to cell body

Function: Motile = Movement/Move fluid to absorb nutrients; Primary = sensory (only ONE)

Types: All/SOME plants

Structure: " to Cilia, larger.

Function: Move cell about. Similar to cilia.

Type: All Eukaryotic

Structure: Twisted double chain of actin subunits. Linear or networks.

Function: Structure/support of cell. Core of microvilli. Increase cell's surface area. Anchor centrosomes.

Type: Plant & Animal

Structure: Protein subunits (keratins) curled into fibrous subunits/thick cables.

Function: Positions organelles. Formation of nuclear lamina

Type: Plant, Protist, Fungi, Bacteria

Structure: Peptoglycan, cellulose, protein, hemicellulose. 2 Layers.

Function: Turgor Pressure role, protect against pathogens, maintain cell shape, regulate diffusion of materials.

Type: Animal

Structure: See picture

Function: Controls what substances are allowed through the cells.

Type: Animal

Structure: Exterior of animal cells. Built from connexin proteins to form hemichannels. These 1/2 channels connect to form 1. Flower shaped.

Function: Allows for passage of materials/nutrients through cells' cytoplasm: regulates transfer of sugars, amino acids, proteins.

*Called plasmodemata in plant cells.

Types: All Eukaryotic

Structure: Nuc. envelope (double membrane, with lamina), pores, nucleolis, chromatin, nucleoplasm.

Function: Synthesizes mRNA and rRNA, replicate DNA, coordinates cell activities.

Type: All Eukaryotic

Structure: Similar to SER. Cis = receives; Trans = send out, concave. **Through vesicles

Function: Modify/package/sort macromolecules (proteins, carbs, lipids). Transport lipids, form lysosomes, finishes glycoproteins

Type: Animal, plant, protist

Structure: Membrane, hydrolyzing enzymes

• Function: Convert macromolecules to more useful monomers, by hydration reactions. Recycle old/damaged organelles.
• *Endo-/exo-cytosis!

Type: Plant

Structure: Membrane-tonoplast.

Function: Holds nutrients, waste, water. Ability of enlarging/shrinking of cell (turgor pressure). Transport of scertain solutes

Type: All

Structure: made of rRNA and protein.

Function: site of translation via mRNA to synthesize proteins.