-
-Classifications of organisms based on oxygen requirements
- psychrophiles/psychrotrophs-cold loving microbes
- mesophiles-moderate tempature-loving
- thermophiles/heperthermophiles-heat loving
-
-Special growth conditions for those organisms that cannot tolerate oxygen and those that need added carbon dioxide
- obligate aerobes- only aerobic growth, o2 required
- facultative anaerobes- both aerobic and anaerobic growth, greater growth in o2
- obligate anaerobes-only anaerobic growth
- aerotolerant anaerobes-only anaerobic growth but continues in o2, in low concentration.
-
-what is instrument is necessary to grow organisms that cannot tolerate oxygen or need added carbon dioxide.
Candle jar
-
-Classifications of organisms based on their temperature requirements; esp. those that are most concerning in healthcare.
mesophiles
-
What pH is conducive to growth of most bacteria
almost nuetral between 6.5-7.5
-
-What can be added to a solution to cause a change in the osmotic pressure
salt or sugar
-
-What rate do organisms die
constant rate
-
selective media
- suppresses unwanted microbes
-
differential media
- makes it easy to distinguish colonies
-
complex media
- extracts and digest of yeasts, meat or plants
-
chemically defined media
- exact chemical composition is known.
-
Reducing media-
deplete o2 in culture medium
-
-A codon is made up of what
AUG, GGC, AAA
-
-A codon is carried by what
mRNA
-
-An anticodon is carried by what
tRNA
-
point (base) mutation
- change in one base
-
missense mutation
-change in amino acid
-
nonsense mutation
-results in nonsense codon
-
frameshift mutation
-insertion or deletion of one or more nucleotide pairs
-
silent mutation
-neutral, no change
-
-DNA that moves from one area of the chromosome to another
transposons
-
-How is DNA in eukaryotes is different than prokaryotes
- eukaryotes DNA is found in multiple chromosomes in a membrane-enclosed nucleus
- prokaryotes DNA is arranged in a single, circularly cromosome and is not surrounded by a membrane
-
constitutive genes
- expressed at a fixed rate
-
repressor genes
-switches inducible and repressible operons on or off
-
inducible operon genes
- prevents transcription
-
catabilite repression gene
-cap is not bound
-
genetics
-science of heredity
-
genome
-genetic info. In a cell
-
chromosomes
-structures containing dna
-
-
-Effectiveness of alcohol
used to degerm, kill bacteria and fungi
-
spontaneous mutation
-occur in the absence of a mutagen
-
nonsense mutation
-results in nonsense codon
-
frameshift mutation
-insertion or deletion of one or more nucleotide pairs
-
-two directions of gene transfer
- vertical gene transfer-occurs during reproduction between generations of cells
- horizontal gene transfer-transfer of genes between cells of the same generation
-
-lac operon (what happens when lactose and/or glucose is present)
- lactose present, no glucose- RNA polymerase can bind and transcribe
- lactose + glucose- RNA polymerase can’t bind
-
Messenger RNA
-carries the coded info for making specific proteins from DNA to ribosomes
-
Ribosomal RNA
-binds tRNAs to codons and make a chain of amino acids making a protein
-
Transfer RNA
-molecules both recognize the specific codons and transport the required amino acids
-
enzymes and steps in DNA Replication
5’ ---> 3’ direction
-
steps in Transcription
- transcribed to make rna
- proceeds in 5 ---> 3’ direction
- stops when it reaches the terminator sequence
-
steps in Translation
- Mrna is translated in codons
- Starts at codon AUG
- Ends at UAA, UAG, UGA
- 64 sense codons on mRNA encode the 20 amino acids
- genetic code is degenerate
- tRNA carries the complementary anticodon
-
-Know what the term semiconservative means in reference to DNA replication
- double helix of parental dna separates
- forms new base pairs
- makes a daughter strand
-
sterilization
- removal of all forms of microbial life
-
commercial sterilization
-sufficient heat to kill endospores in canned food
-
disinfection
-destruction of vegetative pathogens
-
antisepsis
- destruction of vegetative pathogens on living tissue
-
degerming
- removal of microbes form a limited area
-
sanitization
- treatment to lower microbial counts
-
-Know Growth Phases (see growth chart)
- lag phase- little or no growth
- log phase-growth
- stationary phase-growth slows
- death phase-population dies out
-
-Know what we mean when we say nucleic acid
dna or rna
-
-Practice base pairing
adenine always pairs with thymine and cytosine always pairs with guanine
-
-Know steps of the Gram stain procedure
- 1. crystal violet
- 2. grams iodine
- 3. acetone/alchohol mix
-
-Term applied to molecular characteristic vs expressed characteristics
Genomics
-
base sustitution-
change in one base
-
missense mutation
change in amino acid
|
|
