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Memory
process by which we recollect prior experiences and information and skills learned in the past
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Episodic Memory
memory of a specific event that took place in the person's presence or through experience. when we recall events in great detail it is called "Flashbulb"
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Semantic Memory
- general knowledge that people remember
- Example: Alphabet, GW first president
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Procedural Memory
- a memory that consists of the skills and procedures one has learned
- Example: throwing a ball, riding a bike
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Encoding
the translation of information into a form in which it can be stored
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Storage
the second process of memory and is the maintenance of encoded information over a period of time
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Retrieval
third process of memory; consists of locating stored information and returning it to conscious thought
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Visual Encoding
the encoding of picture images
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Acoustic Encoding
the encoding of sound, especially the sound of words
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Semantic Encoding
the encoding of meaning, including the meaning of words, this type lasts the longest
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Maintenance Rehearsal
repeating info over and over again
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Elaborative Rehearsal
foreign language teachers make students use new words in sentences instead of repetition
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Organizational Systems
as memory develops it organizes information you learn into files and then files within files
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Filing Errors
misplacing papers is just like misfiling info in your brain
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Retrieval
retrieving info stored in our memory is like retrieving lost files on a computer
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Content Dependant Memory
context of a memory is the situation in which a person first had the experience being remembered
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State-Dependant
same emotional state/same type of memories
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Tip of the Tongue Phenomenon
know something but can't verbalize it? Files in our memory have labels that include words and sounds
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Sensory Memory
consists of immediate, initial recording of info
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Iconic Memory
snapshot or picture of info, last briefly
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Eidetic Memory
the ability to remember visual stimuli over long periods of time
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Echoic Memory
mental traces of sounds or echoes last longer than iconic. acoustic codes are easier to remember
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Short Term Memory
transfer of info from Sensory Memory to Short-Term Memory
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Primary Effect
tendency to recall initial items in a series
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Recency Effect
tendency to remember last items in a series
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Chunking
organizing items into familiar, manageable units: often occurs automatically
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Interference
occurs when new information appears in short-term memory and takes place of what is already there
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Long Term Memory
3rd and final stage of memory
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Recognition
- identifying objects that have been encountered before
- Ex. Mulitiple Choice
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Recall
- reconstruct something yourself
- Ex. Fill in the blanks
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Relearning
though we may forget, we can relearn things very quickly
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Repression
push memories out of our consciousness. Repression is controversial at times
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Decay
fading away of a memory
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Amnesia
severe memory loss caused by brain injury, shock, fatigue, illness or repression
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Infantile
Cannot remember things before the age of three
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Anterograde Amnesia
forget period before traumatic event
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