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Respiratory System Functions
- 1) protection from from dehydration, temp change, & other variations
- 2) defense from pathogens
- 3) gas exchange between air and circulating blood
- 4) move air to and from exchange surface
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location of vocal folds?
larynx
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pair of ligaments in larynx that are covered by epithelium and function in sound production?
vocal folds
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type of cell in respiratory membrane?
simple squamous epithelium
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site for gas exchange within lung?
alveoli
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why does air move out of lungs?
volume of lung decreases with expiration
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Boyle's Law?
gas volume is INVERSELY proportional to pressure
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muscles that elevate ribs?
- 1) sternocleidomastoid
- 2)scalenes
- 3) serratus anterior
- 4) external intercostals
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pulmonary ventilation function?
maintain adequate alveolar ventilation
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Henry's Law?
volume of gas that will dissolve in a solvent is PROPORTIONAL to solubility of gas and gas pressure
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Define Pulmonary ventilation
movement of air in and out of lungs
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partial pressure of oxygen in interstitial space of peripheral tissues?
40 mm HG
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which muscles produce contraction to make expiratory movement of lungs?
internal intercostals
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Since Carbon Dioxide is more soluble in water then oxygen what would need to be done to get same amt of oxygen to dissolve in plasma?
increase partial pressure of oxygen
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What happens if you increase alveolar ventilation rate?
increase partial pressure of oxygen in alveoli
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Dalton's Law
in a mixture of gases, the total pressure is the sum of individual partial pressures of all gases in mixture
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what binds to hemoglobin when transported in blood?
oxygen
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what happens when diaphragm and external intercostal muscles contract?
volume of thorax increases
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alveolar ventilation?
movement of air in and out of alveoli
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partial pressure of oxygen in arterial blood ?
100 mm Hg
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muscles that can function in expiration?
- 1) rectus abdominus
- 2) internal oblique
- 3) external oblique
- 4) internal intercostals
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what needs to be done for maximum efficiency in loading oxygen at lungs?
temperature should be lower then normal body temp
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what is result of a drug depressing activity of pneumotaxic center?
increased tidal volume
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internal respiration?
gas exchange between blood and interstitial fld
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where is normal rate and depth of breathing established?
inspiratory center
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partial pressure of carbon dioxide in interstitial space of peripheral tissue?
45 mm HG
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partial pressure of carbon dioxide in arterial blood?
40 mm Hg
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what happens if a molecule blocks activity of carbonic anhydrase?
decrease in blood pH
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which is greater? partial pressure of oxygen in alveoli or partial pressure of oxygen in expired air
partial pressure of oxygen in expired air
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what happens to an infants lungs when they take first breath at birth?
pressure in lungs decrease
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which is greater? percent of oxygen saturation of hemoglobin when pH is 7.6 or 7.2?
when pH is 7.6
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does pulmonary ventilation decrease or increase with aging?
decrease
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which is greater? partial pressure of carbon dioxide in alveoli or expired air
alveoli
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changes when adapting to higher altitude?
decrease in Po2 in alveoli
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define hypercapnia?
increase in PCO2-
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when forcing large volume of air out of glottis and at same time increase tension of vocal cords what is result?
sound produces high , loud pitch
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which is greater? partial pressure of oxygen in atmosphere air (21%) or partial pressure of oxygen in gas cylindar of artificial air (60%)
pressure of oxygen in cylindar
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which is greater? percent of oxygen sat. of hemoglobin when temp is 37 C or 40 C
37 C
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what transports carbon dioxide in blood?
bicarbonate ions
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what effect does hypocapnia have on RR?
increase in RR
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which is greater? pulmonary ventilation when BP rises or falls?
When BP falls
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effect of pleurisy (fld in pleural space) on pulmonary ventilation?
labored and difficult breathing
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function of surfactant secreted by cells in wall of alveoli?
lower surface tension of alveolar fld preventing collapse of alveoli during expiration
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10% increase of Carbon Dioxide in blood causes what to breathe rate?
it would increase Breathe rate
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which is greater? % of oxygen sat. of hemoglobin when BPG level high or low?
BPG level is low
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Emphysema is break down of alveoli and coalesce into large air space. lungs lose elasticity and compliance is decreased. What effect on lungs?
- 1) increase dead air space
- 2) increase vital capacity
- 3) elevated PCO2 in blood
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function of bronchial arteries
bring oxygenated blood to lungs from heart
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what muscle action is involved in quiet expiration?
no muscle action
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effect of age on lung compliance?
decreases
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function of Hering-Breuer reflex?
protect lungs from damage d/t overinflation
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effects of underwater breathing ?
breather faster and deeper
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Function of conducting portion of respiratory system?
- 1) filter, moisten and warm air
- 2) bring air into sites of gas exchange
- 3) warm and moisten air
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chemical regulator of respiration?
carbon dioxide
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respiratory membrane where gas exchange occurs consists of what structures?
- 1) squamous epithelial cells lining alveoli
- 2) endothelial cells lining adjacent capillary
- 3) fused basal laminae that lie between alveolar and endothelial cells
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what center can cause prolonged inspirations?
apneustic center
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at start of respiratory cycle what is relationship between intrapulmonary pressure and atmospheric pressure?
they are the same
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why are inspired particles inhaled through nose stopped before reaching lungs?
pseudostratified ciliated epithelium
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does pleural cavity contain lubricating fld that decreases surface tension?
NO
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does pleural cavity have positive or negative pressure?
slightly negative
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where does pleural cavity hold lungs?
against chest wall
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what types of cells compose alveoli?
- 1) type 1 alveolar cells
- 2) type 2 cuboidal cells
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function of type 2 cuboidal cells?
secrete surfactant
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location of respiratory control center?
brainstem
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define pneumothorax?
result from injury to chest wall causing air to leak into pleural cavity
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what causes oxygen and carbon dioxide to exchange in lungs and through cell membranes?
diffusion
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define tidal volume?
amt of air moved in and out of lungs druing a single respiratory cycle under resting conditions.
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muscles contracted if you blow up a balloon?
- internal inercostals
- abdominal muscles
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physical factors influencing pulmonary ventilation?
alveolar surface tension increases, muscle action is required
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function of pneumotaxic center of pons?
modify rate and depth of breathing
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define respiration?
1)exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide between atmosphere air and cells of organism
2) utilization of oxygen in mitochondria of cells for production of energy
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effect of tension on vocal cords?
pitch
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parts of respiratory zone?
- 1) respiratory bronchioles
- 2) alveolar ducts
- 3) alveolar sacs
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Decompression sickness results in sickness when exposed to a sudden drop in atmoshpheric pressure. which gas causes problem
nitrogen
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function of conducting portion of respiratory system?
- 1) trap particulate matter adn gas impurities so they can be phagocized, swallowed adn expectorated
- 2) bring air itno sites of gas exchange
- 3) warm and moisten air
- 4) air flow regulation
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type and location of Type 1 alveolar cells?
simple squamous cells located where gas exchange occurs
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pressure in intrapleural space compared to atmospheric pressure?
intrapleural space is less then atmoshperic pressure
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what is asthma?
acute condition results from sensitive irritated conducting airways
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define Inspiratory reserve volume (IRV)?
amt of air breathed in above normal tidal volume
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what is tidal volume?
exchanged air during normal breathing
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define vital capacity?
total volume of exchangeable air
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what happens with oxygen when temp increases?
release of oxygen from hemoglobin increases
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In Boyle's Law what happens to gas pressure if volume of gas increases?
pressure of gas decreases
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the apneustic center of pons provides what to inspiratory center?
continuous stimulation to inspiratory center
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what respiratory condition effects efficiency of gas diffusion?
pneumonia
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what structures provide chemoreceptor input to respiratory center of medulla oblongata?
- 1) medullary chemoreceptor
- 2) aortic body
- 3) carotid body
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what is function of chloride shift?
maintain plasma pH
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function of DRG?
inhibit diaphragm
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decreased blood flow results in lack of oxygen which leads to what condition?
ischemic hypoxia
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the partial pressure of carbon dioxide in venous blood is more or less then in tissue spaces?
Partial pressure of Carbon dioxid is less in venous blood
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rate of gas diffusion across respiratory membrane increases when what happens?
partial pressure difference of gas across respiratory membrane increases
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what is the effect of sympathetic stimulation to smooth muscle tissue in bronchioles?
bronchodilation
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what is the respiratory rate X tidal volume (corrected for dead air) ?
alveolar ventilation rate
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in quiet breathing what happens during inspiration and expiration?
- inspiration - muscular contraction
- expiration - passive
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If there is an increase in amt of oxygen discharged from hemoglobin to peripheral tissues what is happening to pH?
decrease in pH
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what happens to gass pressure in and out of lungs when air moves into lungs?
gas pressure in lungs is less then outside pressure
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when does chloride shift occur?
bicarbonate ions leave RBC
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what decreases hemoglobin saturation?
decrease in pH
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if septal cells in lungs are damaged?
alveolar collapse
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what is involved in external respiration?
diffusion of gases between alveoli and circulating blood
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what happens to expiratory reserve volume (ERV) during an asthma attack?
ERV decreases
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if you take a deep breath and blow it all out until nothing more is exhaled this amount is called ?
vital capacity (VC)
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lack of oxygen d/t decreased oxygen levels?
hypoxic hypoxia
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muscles that can elevate ribs?
- 1) sternocleidomastoid
- 2) scalenes
- 3) pectoralis minor
- 4) external intercostals
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what increases hemoglobin saturation?
increase pH
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which statements are true of ventral respiratory group ?
1) found in medulla
2) innervates pectoralis minor
3) active during maximal exhalation
4) inhibit diaphragm
5) inhibit expiratory neurons during maximal inhalation
- 1) found in medulla
- 2) innervates pectoralis minor
- 3) active during maximal exhalation
- 4) inhibit diaphragm
- 5) inhibit expiratory neurons during maximal inhalation
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what happens to volume of thorax when diaphragm and external intercostals relax?
thorax volume decreases
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cause of hypocapnia?
abnormal high RR
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what does high BPG levels do to hemoglobin saturation?
decrease hemoglobin saturation
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what does hyperventilation do to blood pH?
increase blood pH
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the secondary bronchi lead to what structures?
lobes of lungs
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primary bronchi lead to what structures?
lungs
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what structures flap over during swallowing of food (2)?
The epiglottis flaps over the glottis
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layers making up the walls of the respiratory tubes starting with lumen and work outward?
- 1- Mucosa
- 2- submucosa
- 3- muscularis
- 4- adventitia or serosa
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function of trachealis muscle?
- 1) allow expansion when swallow
- 2) control diameter of lumen for cough
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how does histology change as you move down bronchioles deeper into lung?
1- simple columnar epithelium to simple cuboidal epithelium to simple squamous epithelium
- 2- less cilia
- 3- less goblet cells
- 4- less cartilage
- 5- more smooth muscle
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how many secondary bronchi on left side?
how many secondary bronchi on right side?
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which bronchus is larger in diameter?
Right primary bronchus
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epithelium lining trachea?
pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium
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what lines the region of superior nasal conchae?
olfactory epithelium
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kind of epithelium lining oropharynx?
stratified squamous epithelium
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what is the hole in middle of respiratory tubes called?
lumen
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epithelium lining ventricular folds?
stratified squamous epithelium
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epithelium lining paranasal cavities?
pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium
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which bronchus is more horizontal?
Left primary bronchus
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epithelium lining vocal folds?
simple columnar epithelium
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more common site for lodging of a foreign object that has entered respiratory passageway?
right
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epithelium lining nasopharynx?
pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium
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epithelium lining laryngopharynx?
stratified squamous epithelium
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bones making up roof of nasal cavity?
bones making up floor of nasal cavity?
- roof- ethmoid and sphenoid bones
- floor- maxillary and palatine bones
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epithelium lining nasal cavity?
pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium
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what are the specific cartilages
1) forms the adams apple?
2) "lid" for larynx
3) shaped like a signet ring
4) vocal cord attachment
- 1) forming adams apple- thyroid
- 2) lid to larynx- epiglottis
- 3)shape like signet ring- cricoid
- 4) vocal cord attachment- arytenoid
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The two pairs of folds are found in larynx. which pair is "TRUE" vocal cords? (superior or inferior)
Inferior
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What structure makes up floor of nasal cavity?
hard palate
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structure dividing nasal cavity into Right and Left sides?
nasal septum
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list tubes (in order) coming off trachea?
- 1) primary bronchi
- 2) secondary bronchi
- 3) tertiary bronchi
- 4) bronchioles
- 5) terminal bronchioles
- 6) respiratory bronchioles
- 7) alveolar duct
- 8) alveolar sac
- 9) capillary
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septal cell (type 2 alveolar cell)
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respiratory bronchiole of normal lung
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alveolar duct of normal lung
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