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What is the major function of skin?
Major function of skin is to keep the body in homeostasis.
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How does skin keep body in homeostasis?
- Provides boundaries for body fluid.
- Protects underlying tissues from microorganisms, harmful substances, and radiation.
- Modulates body temperature.
- Synthesizes vitamin D
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What are the three layers of the skin?
- Epidermis
- Dermis
- Subcutaneous tissue
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What characteristics should be noted while assessing the skin?
- Color
- Moisture
- Temperature
- Texture
- Turgor
- Lesions
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When assessing skin, what is pallor?
It is skin that is pale.
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When assessing skin, what does pallor indicate?
- Poor circulation
- Dehydration
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When assessing skin, what does central cyanosis describe?
Blueish or blue-gray skin located at the lips, eyes, and mucous membranes.
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When assessing skin, what is pallor?
A serious lack of oxygen
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When assessing skin, what does peripheral cyanosis indicate?
no answer
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When assessing skin, decribe peripheral cyanosis?
A blueish, or blue-gray color of the fingers, palms, toes, or soles.
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What are normal skin variations?
- Freckles
- Vitiligo
- Striae
- Seborrheic keratosis
- Scar
- Mole (nevus)
- Cherry angioma
- Rosacea
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Define vitiligo.
Loss of pigment.
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Define the skin variation.
Vitiligo
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Define the skin variation
Rosacea
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Define skin striae.
Stretch marks
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Define the skin variation.
Seborrheic keratosis
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Define seborrheic keratosis.
Rough patches
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Define the skin variation.
Cherry angioma
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Define the skin variation.
Nevus
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List ten primary skin lesions.
- Macule
- Papule
- Nodule
- Tumor
- Vesicle
- Bulla(e)
- Wheal
- Pustule
- Cyst
- Fissure
- (Weber, 196-199)
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Define macule and patch.
- A flat non-palpable skin color change.
- It may be tan, white, brown, purple, or red.
- Macule's < 1cm with circumscribed border.
- Patch > 1cm, may have an irregular border.
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Define papule and plaque.
- An elevated palpable solid mass with circumscribed border.
- Papule < 0.5cm
- Plaque > 0.5cm
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Some examples of papules and plaque.
- Elevated nevi
- Warts
- Lichen planus
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Some examples of macules and patches?
- Freckles
- Flat moles
- Petechiae
- Rubella
- Vitiligo
- Port wine stains
- Ecchymosis
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Define petechiae.
Red or purple spot caused by hemorrhage.
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Define nodule and tumor.
- Elevated solid palpable mass that extends deeper into the dermis than a papule.
- Nodule is 0.5-2cm; circumscribed.
- Tumor > 1-2cm; border may not be sharp.
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Examples or nodules.
- Lipoma
- Squamous cell carcinoma
- Poorly absorbed injections
- Dermatofibroma
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Define vesicle and bulla.
- A circumscribed elevated palpable mass with serous fluid.
- Vesicle < 0.5cm > bulla
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Examples of vesicle.
- Herpes, simple and zoster
- varicella
- poison ivy
- second degree burn
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Examples of bullae.
- Pemphigus
- Contact dermatitis
- Large burn blisters
- Poison Ivy
- Bullous Impetigo
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Define wheal.
- Elevated mass with transient borders.
- Shape is often irregular.
- Cuased by movement of serous into the dermis.
- Does NOT have free fluid in a cavity.
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Define pustule.
Pus filled vesicle or bulla.
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Examples of pustules.
- Acnes
- Impetigo
- Furuncle
- carbuncle
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Define cyst.
- Encapsulated fluid or semisolid mass.
- Located in the subcutaneous tissue or dermis.
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Examples of cysts.
- Subcutaneous cyst
- Epidermoid cyst
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List some abnormal vascular skin lesions.
- Purpura (petechiae and ecchymosis)
- Hematoma
- (Weber p. 200)
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Define ecchymosis
- A thin layer of blood under the skin.
- Subcutaneous purpura > 1cm
- Bruise
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Define hematoma.
An abnormal localized collection of blood in the tissue.
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Define purpura.
Red or purple discoloration of the skin that does not blanch.
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How can malignant melanoma be assessed?
- A for asymmetry
- B for irregular borders, especially ragged, notched, or blurred
- C for variation or change in color, especially blue or black
- D for diameter ≥6 mm or different from other moles, especially changing, itching, or bleeding
- E for elevation or enlargement
- (Weber p. 201)
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