Intro to Probability & Stats/Lecture 1

To understand and operate data, one needs to have at least

Statistics can be a powerful tool for making

This is a collection of methods allowing us to:

- collect data,

- organize, analyze and interpret the data,

- use the data to draw conclusions, make forecasts and take decisions.

Statistics usually deals with large groups, or collections, of objects. It is not concerned with material objects themselves but with some of their characteristics that are of interest. These characteristics may be studied through measurements, responses, counts etc. What are these groups?

A collection of all measurements, responses, or counts of interest is called a

The most accurate information about a population can be obtained by

a relatively small group (subcollection) of elements drawn from a population.

A sample may make 1/100, or 1/1000, or even a smaller part of the population, butif it is drawn correctly so it is

A complete statistical research consists of three major steps (branches)

What is inferential Statistics?

Any data that can be measured and expressed in numbers are referred to as

Examples of this data are weight, length, width, temperature, age, price etc.

If data cannot be measured numerically, they are

Examples of this data are colors, brands, opinions (yes or no, good or bad) etc.

The data cannot be arranged in any logically justified order is

The data can be arranged in some meaningful order, but it is impossible to define the intervals between them is

The data can be arranged in a meaningful order and the intervals between them can be defined, but comparing two data values by dividing one by another makes no sense. That applies, among others, to scales without an inherent zero like temperature scale (the zero depends on the measurement system being used).

The data can be arranged in a meaningful order, the intervals between them can be defined, and comparing two data values by dividing one by another makes sense.

What is the study called when a researcher performs measurement without modifying the subject.

A scientist who is studying the environment tries to make his/her presence as inconspicuous as possible to not disturb the wildlife.What type of study is this?

what type of study is it when a researcher applies some treatment to the object and then observes the effect of it.

What type of study is demonstrated by a scientist who is studying the behavior of mice creates various situations for them and then watches and records their reactions.

an experiment can be performed not only on a real object but also on its physical or mathematical model is called

A sample drawn from a population must be

This is when each element of the population has an equal chance to be selected.

This means that in a set ofnumbers (usually in a certain interval) each number has an equal chance to be selected.

One should use this sampling method for Large poplulations

In this procedure not just each member of a population but each sample of a given size has an equal chance to be selected.

A very large population may be divided in two or more large groups that share some similar characteristics. The research will be performed on each group separately; after that the results will be combined.

The members of the population are ordered insome way; a starting point is chosen randomly; then each kth member is selected.

The population is first divided into a large number of sections (clusters); then several clusters are selected at random. After that, all members of the selected clusters are surveyed. This method is convenient when a population is divided into clusters in a natural way.

The sample consists of members that can be easily available

There are two kinds of errors that may occur when a sample is being drawn

This is an error caused by flaws of the sampling process.
(The sample is not representative.)

This error is caused by the random nature of the sample.In a carefully selected sample, a nonsampling error can be prevented, but the possibility of a sampling error always exists.

A collection of methods allowing us to collect data, organize, analyze and interpret the data, and use the data to draw conclusions, make forecasts and take decisions

A collection of all measurements, responses, or counts of interest.

Taking information of every element of the population.

A relatively small group (subcollection) of elements drawn from a population.

A numerical characteristic of a population is

Anumerical characteristic of a sample is a

Organizing and processing the information provided by the sample.

Making conclusions about the population parameter based on the information obtained for a sample.

Any data that can be measured and expressed in numbers.

Any data that cannot be measured numerically.

The data cannot be arranged in any logically justified order.

The data can be arranged in some meaningful order, but it is impossible to define the intervals between them.

The data can be arranged in a meaningful order and the intervals between them can be defined, but comparing two data values by dividing one by another makes no sense.

The data can be arranged in a meaningful order, the intervals between them can be defined, and comparing two data values by dividing one by another makes sense.

A study where a researcher performs measurement without modifying the subject.

A study where a researcher applies some treatment to the object and then observes the effect of it.

A study that is performed not on a real object but on its physical or mathematical model.

A number selected from a set of numbers in a procedure where each number has an equal chance to be selected.

Each element of the population has an equal chance to be selected.

Each sample of a given size has an equal chance to be selected.

A very large population is divided in two or more large groups (strata) that share some similar characteristics. The research is performed on each group separately; after that the results are combined.

The members of the population are ordered in some way; a starting point is randomly chosen; then each kth member is selected.

The population is first divided into a large number of sections (clusters); then several clusters are selected at random. After that, all members of the selected clusters are surveyed.

The sample that consists of data that can be easily available.

An error caused by flaws of the sampling process. (The sample is not representative.)

An error caused by the random nature of the sample.