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What are the four clinically important species in the genus Treponema?
- T. pallidum, pallidum
- T. pallidum, enemicum
- T. pallidum, pertenue
- T. carateum
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what are the two species in the genus Borrelia?
- B. recurrentis
- B. burgdorferi
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What family is Leptospira interrogans in?
Leptospiraceae
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What is the species in the genus Leptospira?
L. interrogans
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Presumptive diagnosis of syphilis is done when there is a morphology similar to T. pallidum in what type of microscopy?
Darkfield
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presence of Spirochetes in what part of the body is inconclusive?
oral cavity
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Spirochetes in the oral cavity should be identified how?
immunologic means
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what type of immersion oil is used in darkfield examination?
cargille type A
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what size coverglass is used in darkfield microscopy?
22x22mm
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what should be removed when collecting a direct specimen for possible syphilus?
scab
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for direct collection of possible syphilus, blood should be express from the chancre untill _______.
clear
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Specimens for Spirochetes that are to be tested using DFA should be ____ dried in a _____-free area.
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Quality control for Spirochetes should be preforme dusing a scraping from where?
gingival mucosa
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Oral Spirochetes and motility can cause what type of results on darkfield microscopy?
positive
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insufficient exudates, RBC's, late lesions, and treatment can cuase what type of false result for Darkfield microscopy?
negative
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These are tight, regular coiled, helical rods with slow, deliberate motility.
Treponema
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what is the size of Treponema?
5-20 u
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what type oxygen user is Treponema?
microaerophilic
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What three areas are Treponema normal flora in man and animals?
- oral cavity
- intestinal tract
- genital areas
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what is the geuns that is extremely susceptible to heat, cold desiccation, soap, osmotic changes, and disinfectants?
Treponema
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this is the causative agent of syphilis.
T. pallidum, pallidum
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What Treponema species is highly invasive?
T. pallidum, pallidum
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what are the two forms of transmission of T. pallidum, pallidum?
- venereal contact
- congenital
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Congenital forms of this disease can cause:
Termination of fetal dev't.
premature birth
fetal death
Syphilis
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T. pallidum, pallidum has an incubation of ________ days with an average of ____ days.
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This is the phase of syphilis where a chancre develops at inoculation site and stays for 3-6 weeks?
primary syphilis
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how long does the rahs persist for in secondary syphilis?
2-24 weeks
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in what syphilis stages does a rash appear and organism are most numerous?
secondary
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what is the subclinical stage or syphilis that has a range of many years?
latent period
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what is the only means of detection of latent syphilis?
serological
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this stage of syphilis lasts for 10-25 years and has CNS involvement, CV abnormalities, eye diseases, and Gummas.
Tertiary syphilis
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This is the etiologic agent of Endemic non-venereal syphilis or bejel?
T. pallidum, endemicum
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Treponema species that are not related to venereal syphilis are common in what age group?
children
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This disease is transmitted with mucosal lesions and is seen in North africa, middle east, and southeast asia.
Bejel
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This is the etiologic agent of Yaws.
T. pallidum, pertenue
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This is a non venereal disease characterized by eruptions of tubercles. it is endemic in Africa, South and Centeral america, and Pacific Islands.
Yaws
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This disease is spread dby skin lesions and if untreated may infect skin, bones and soft tissue.
Yaws
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This is the Etiologic agent of Pinta.
Treponema carateum
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This is a superficial invasive infection of the tropics, central and south america.
Treponema carateum
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This disease is spread by skin contact and has no long term systemic health effects, superficial infection.
Pinta
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what is the species of Treponema that is normal flora in the human genital tract?
T. refringens
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What is another name for ANUG?
Vincent's Gingivitis
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In darkfield Treponema appear as what color against a black background?
white
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ANUG samples should be cultivated _________ on artificial media.
anaerobically
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Treponema from what site are extremely infectious, exercise caution.
exudate
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Treponema are said to have a regular or _________ corkscrew shape.
delicate
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Treponema have what type of motility?
slow, deliverate back and forth movement
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What is the size of treponema?
6.14 um
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Serological screenings for Treponema test for what?
Wasserman/Reagenic antibodies
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Screening tests for Treponema does not test for what class of reaginic antibody?
IgE
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What are the two screening tests for Treponema?
- Venereal Disease Research Laboratory (VDRL)
- Rapid Plasma Reagin (RPR)
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Serological confirmatory tests for Treponema are specific for what antibodies?
Treponema antibodies
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What are the two confirmatory tests for Treponema?
- Fluorescent Treponemal Antibody (FTA-ABS)
- MicroHemmAgglutination-Treponema p. (MHA-TP)
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This is a louse borne organism that cuases epidemic relapsing fever?
B. recurrentis
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This is a tick borne organism that causes Lyme disease?
B. burgdorferi
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Thin and thick peripheral blood smears are used to check for what during febrile episodes?
borreli spirochetes
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how are Borreli spirochetes stained?
wright's followed by 1% crystal violet (10-30 sec)
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What spirochetes are diagnosed by presence in the blood?
Borreli
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serological methods are best for what Borreli? not for which?
- best for lyme
- not for relapsing fever
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these are helical rods that have 3-10 loose coil, 3-25 um.
Borelli
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These helical rods are larger than those of Treponema, and have an actively motile lashing motion?
Borreli
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these are all arthropod borne microaerophilic gram negative helical rods?
Borreli
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hwat is the vector for B. recurrentis?
Pediculus humanus subsp. humanus
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what are the tree worldwide prevalent infection areas for B. recurrentis?
- poverty
- over crowded
- poor sanitation
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What is the reservoir for B. recurrentis?
humans only
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What is the incubation for B. recurrentis?
2-15 days
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After incubation B. recurrentis causes fever, myalgia and headache for how many days?
4-40 days
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This bacteria can causes severe muscle disease, bone and joint pain, and hepatosplenomegaly?
B. recurrentis
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What is the vector for B. burgdorferi?
Ixodes tick
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what is the most common vector-borne disease in the U.S.?
B. burgdorferi
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This stage of lyme disease is characterized by classic lesions, erythema migranes, lymphadenopathy. it is easy to cultivate?
stage 1
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This stage of lyme disease is present weeks to months after infection. Characterized by neurologic symptoms, acute arthritis, meningitis, carditis.
Stage 2
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This chronic stage of Lyme disease may continue for years and cause chronic arthritis.
Stage 3
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where is B. burgdorferi is cultured from where?
tissue
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What is the best method for detection of B. burgdorferi?
serological studies
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what is the media fo choice for B. burgdorferi?
- Modified Kelly's
- 30-340C
- 12 weeks
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This is the pathogenic agent of human leptospirosis?
L. interrogans
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What is the two specimen for ID of Leptospira in the first 10 days?
- oxalated/hepranized blood
- CSF
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After the second week and up to 30 days of leptospirosis what is the specimen of choice?
Urine
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What is the flexible, tightly coiled, helical rods that may be hooked at one or both ends?
leptospira
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what is the size of Leptospira?
- 0.1 um diameter
- 6-12 um in length
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Leptospira stains poorly with what dye?
aniline
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what type of oxygen user is Leptospira?
obligate aerobe
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Leptospira is best observed in what two types of microscopy?
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what are the two diseases caused by leptospira?
- Anicteric leptosprosis
- Weil's Disease (Icteric/Lepstospiral jaundice)
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what are the three symptoms of Weil's disease?
- Mud fever
- Hemorrhagic jaundice
- Swineherder's disease
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This is a incidental dead end host in humans, that my be found in a wide variety of wild and domestic animals?
Leptospira
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Liptospira infections are incurred directly from what three sources?
- streams
- ponds/swamps
- contaminated with urine of carriers
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what are the two portals of entry for Leptospira?
- skin abrasions
- mucosal surface contact
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this organism nests in lumen of nephritic tubes?
Leptospira
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This is a self limiting disease that causes a high fever with H/A for 3-7 days followed by an immune stage, may have aseptic meningitis.
Anicteric leptospirosis
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what is the disease caused by Leptospira that has a 10% mortality rate, with liver, kidney, and vascular dysfunction and letha pulmonary hemorrhage?
Weil's disease
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Direct examination of Leptospira can be directly examined using darkfield using what three sources?
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Fatal cases of Leptospirosis is cultured from what two sources?
peritoneal fluid and tissues
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what is the two media of choice for Leptospira?
- Fletchers semi solid media
- stuart liquid (w/rabbit albumin)
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how is Leptospira incubated?
25-30oC in the dark
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Leptospira should be discarded at ______ weeks if negative. Most positive shows at _________ days.
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what will be the appearance of Leptospira on the fletcher's semi-solid media?
ringed area 1-3 cm below surface
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turbidity indicates what result on liquid media?
positve
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Ture or false
Microscopic agglutination tests can be performed on leptospira antibodies?
true
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