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what is psychology?
the study of mental processess and behavior
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nature vs nurture
- nature:inborn tendencies,genetically based traits
- nurture:born blank,we are based on environment-experiance
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different types of variables in an experiment?
independent, dependent, control, extraneous
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what is the independent variable?
- manipulated by the researcher
- control group-plecebo
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what is the dependent veriable?
the response that is measured.
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what is the confounding veriable?
an extraneous variable
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what is the experimenter-expectancy effect?
- how the research may uncociously influence participants
- self-fulfiling phrophecy-robert roshental
- blind studies
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historical types of psychology
- structuralism-Best way to understand thought and behavior:
- ›Break down experience into its parts-
- Introspection:
- ›Sigmund Freud’s Psychoanalysis:
- Unconscious mind is the
- most powerful force behind thought and behavior
- ›Carl Jung:
- Universal unconscious - Set
- of shared symbols and beliefs that exist both within and outside the person, no
- matter what culture he or she belongs to
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historical types of psychology
- functionalism-
- It was better to look at WHY the mind works the way it
- does than to describe its parts
- Influenced by Darwin’s
- theory of natural selection
ØAdvocated by
William James
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historical types of psychology
- behaviorism-
- Psychology
- can be a true science, only if it examines observable behavior, not
- ideas, thoughts, feelings, or motives
- John Watson (1878-1958)
- Challenged the use of
- introspection
- Little Albert
- B.F.
- Skinner (1904-1990)
- Skinner
- box
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fields of psychology
neuroscience-how body and brain create reality
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fields of psychology
evolutionary-
- How natural selection perpetuates
- one’s genes
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fields of psychology
Psychodynamic-
- How behavior comes from unconscious
- drives and conflicts
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fields of psychology
behavioral-how we learn observable responses
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fields of psychology
cognitive-
- How we encode, process, store, and
- retrieve information
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fields of psychology
Developmental-
How we grow and change throughout the lifespan
Behavioral genetics-
- How much our genes and environments
- influence our individual differences
Psycho endocrine-
How our hormones influence behavior
Clinical-
- How do you treat someone with mental, emotional, or
- behavior disorders
health-
How our lifestyle influences physical health and illness
educational-
How students learn and effectiveness of teaching
social-
- How real or
- imagined presence of others influence thought, feelings, and behavior
socio-cultural-
How behavior and thinking vary across situations and cultures
- personality-How our unique and
- enduring set of behaviors, feelings,
- thoughts, and motives
- characterize us
- industrial/organizational- How psychological
- concepts apply to work settings and problems
- sports-How to increase
- athletic performance and prohibit
- injuries
- forensics-How psychology,
- law, and criminal justice blend together
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what is critical thinking?
- purposeful
- reflective judgment concerning what to believe or what to do
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limits of intuition, common sense, and assumptions
overconfidence bias-in which someone's subjective confidence in their judgments is reliably greater than their objective accuracy
hindsight bias-The tendency to believe, after learning of an outcome, that one could have foreseen it
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hypothesis v theory
hypothesis-Explanation of a phenomenon based on what is observed, but NOT proven. Could be supported or refuted.
- Theory - Explanation of a set of related
- observations or events based upon supported hypotheses and verified multiple times.
- Law - A statement of fact describing an
- action or set of actions. It is simple, true, universal, and
- absolute.
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current ethical procedures?
- in humans-
- Informed consent
- Respect for persons
- Beneficence
- Debriefing
- Institutional review boards
- (IRBs)
- Privacy and confidentiality
- Justice
- in animals-
- More controversial than human research
- Can do surgeries and sacrifices
- Strict laws and standards govern treatment
- Humane treatment (e.g.Clean housing, minimal pain, environment free of illness)
- Each institution has their
- own
- Animal IRB for legal and
- ethical safeguards
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biases in psychological research?
- Social Desirability Bias
- The tendency toward favorable self-presentation
- that could lead to inaccurate self-reports
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what are epigenetics?
- Environmental
- events influence how and when genes are activated or deactivated
- Stress,
- diet, behavior, toxins and other factors activate chemical switches that
- regulate gene expression.
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psychologist vs psychiatrist
psychologist- study
psychiatrist- doctor/can prescribe medicine
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neurotransmitters
acetylcholine-slows ANS activity, eating, drinking, neuromuscular junction; involved in learning, memory, sleeping, and dreaming
dopamine-plays an improtant role in arousal, mood(especially positive mood) oversupply correlates with schizophrenia, voluntary muscle control
epinephrine-increases ANS activity, fight-or-flight response
norepinephrine-affects CNS activity; plays role in increasing alertness, attention
serotonin-plays role in mood, sleep, eating, temperature regulation, undersupply relates to anxiety and depression
gaba-is the major inhibitory nurotransmitter in the brain; slows CNS function; correlates with anxiety and intoxication
glutamate-is the most common excitatory nurotransmitter in the brain; involved in learning and memory, may be involved in schzichoprenia
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sensation
Physical process
- Stimulation of our sense organs by features of the outer
- world
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top down vs bottom - up processing
- bottom up-A process of building a perceptual experience from
- smaller pieces
- top down-Perception of the
- whole guides perception of smaller elemental features
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what is attention?
- Limited capacity to process information that is under
- conscious control.
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two types of attention
- selective-
- Focus on specific features in the environment while
- ignoring others
•Cocktail party effect
•Inattentional blindness
•Perceptual load model
•Mind wandering vs. daydreaming
sustained-
- Ability to maintain focused awareness on a target or
- idea
•Continuous Performance Test (CPT)
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when the first psych lab was opened?
1879
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types of research studies
- descriptive studies-
- The researcher defines a problem and variable of
- interest but makes no prediction and does not control or manipulate anything
- Case study
- Naturalistic observation
- Interview and survey
correlational studies-
- Measure two or more variables and their relationship to
- one another, not designed to show causation
- Co-Relate
- Positive
- Negative
- Spurious
- Correlation does
- not equal
- causation!
- experimental studies-
- Independent variable
- Manipulated by the
- researcher
- Control group -Placebo
Dependent variable
- The response that is
- measured
- Confounding variable
- An extraneous
- variable
- Experimenter-expectancy effect
- How the research may
- unconsciously influence participants
- Self-fulfilling
- Prophecy - Robert Rosenthal
- Blind studies
- Quasi-Experimental
- Design-
- Method similar to an experimental design except that it
- makes use of naturally occurring groups rather than randomly assigning subjects
- to groups
- Meta Analysis-
- Research technique for
- combining all research results on one question and drawing a conclusion
- Effect size
- Standardized statistic
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