Chpt 1-6 A & P

The study of body structure

Study of how the body functions

anything that upsets the normal structure or workings of the body

the basic unit of all life

specialized group of cells

• all the life sustaining reactions that occur whithin the body
• (all chemical reactions needed to sustain life)

breaking down into simpler compounds

building phase of metabolism

maintains homeostasis by reversing upward or downward trends in body conditions

crainial and spinal cord

science that deals with the composition and properties of matter

anything that takes up space

substances that make up all matter

equal to the number protons

the number of electrons lost or gained in chemical reactions

two or more atoms united on the basis of their electron structures

substances composed of two or more different elements

water

when one substance is dissolved in another

a dissolving substance

the substance being dissolved

solute material is not dissolved and will settle out

molecules do not dissolve but remain evenly distributed in the suspending material

when electrons are tranferred from one atom to another

an atom or group of atoms with a positive or negative charge

any ion that is positively charged

any negatively charged ion

compounds formed by ionic bonds that release ions when they are in solution

a sharing of electrons between the atoms in a molecule

a chemical substance capable of donating a hydrogen ion

a chemical substance that can accept a hydrogen ion

a greater concentration of hydrogen ions

• 7.35 to 7.45
• acid to base

complex lipids containing phosphorus

steroids

lipid that contain rings of carbon atoms

• the body's structural materials
• amino acids

protiens that are essential for metabolism (organic catalysts)

the alteration of any protien so that it can no longer function

enzymes which increase the speed of chemical reactions

means enzymes

remove

sugar

unequal sharing of electrons

equal sharing of electrons

• measure of acidity or alkalinity of a solution
• below 7 is acidic
• above 7 is alkaline

the basic unit of all life

the study of cells

special dyes used to color cells and tissues

lipids that contain phosphorus

phospholipid bilayer containing carbohydrates, protiens, colesterol

short extentions of the cell membrane

colloidal suspension inside the cell

fluid portion of cytoplasm (liquid protein)

• convert energy from nutrients to ATP
• powerplant

layers of membranes, prepares compounds for transport to other parts of the cell or out of the cell

digest substances whithin the cell

breakdown of harmful substances

store materials and move materials into or out of the cell in bulk

hairlike projections that move the fluids around the cell

pores in the membrane that allow specific substances to enter or leave. Certain ions travel thru channels in the membrane.

cells that engulf bacteria and then use lysosomes to destroy them.

self destruction

• made up of DNA
• 46 chromosomes (22 pairs and 2 sex)

the movement of particles from a high concentraion to a lower concentration until the equilibrium

• the movement of particles from a lower concentration to a higher concenration
• (diffusion of water thru a semi-permeable membrane)
• (water follows salt)

passage of water and dissolved materials thru a membrane as a result of a mechanical (pushing) force on one side.

movement of materials across the membrane along the concentration gradient using a transporter to speed the process

• costs ATP to move materials against the natural flow. requires proteins in the plama membrane to act as transporters.
• (against the concentration)

• solutions with concentrations equal to the concentration of the cytoplasm
• (normal saline and 5% glucose)

less concentrated

more concentrated

red blood cell draws in water and bursts

when a cell loses water and shrinks

alteration of the genes

body

color

dissolving

change

end

to drink

same or equal

cancer

agent that produces

organization, metabolism, responsiveness, homestasis, growth, reproduction

forms the sex cells (divides the chromosome number in half)

division of somatic cells

• a pro met A telephone
• prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase
• prophase- the doubled strands of DNA return to spiral organization and the 2 centrioles move toward opposite ends of the cell
• metaphase- chromosomes line up at the center
• anaphase-centomere splits and duplicated chromosomes move to the ends
• telophase- a membrane appears around each group of seperated chromosomes forming 2 nuclei

vessel

immature cell, early stage of cell

secretions produced by epithelial tissues

a flexible white protein

fibrous membranes that cover various organs

tendons and ligaments

connect muscles to bones

connect bones to other bones

all the different genes on all the chromosomes collectively

shuttle substances such as glucose across the membrane

allow for attachment of substances, such as hormones, to the membrane

participate in reactions at the surface of the membrane, break things down

give structure to the membrane and attach cells to other cells

proteins unique to a person's cells

involved with the synthesis of lipids

ER with ribosomes attached

a network of membranes located between the nuclear membrane and the plasma membrane

covers, surfaces, lines cavities,and forms glands

capable of great expansion, but returns to it's original form

nonliving material between cells containing varying amounts of water, fibers, and hard minerals

nonconducting support cells of the nervous system

line the walls of body cavities and are folded back onto the surface of internal organs

line tubes and other spaces that are open to the outside of the body

commonly known as the skin

• the thin epithelium of serous membranes that is smooth and glistening
• sometimes referred to as the serosa

line the thorasic cavity and cover each lung

forms part of a sac that encloses the heart

the largest serous membrane. it lines the walls of the abdominal cavity, covers the abdominal organs, and forms supporting and protective structures within the abdomin

attached to the wall of a cavity or sac

attached to an organ

the mucous membrane of an organ

thin connective tissue membranes that line the joint cavities

several membranous layers covering the brain and the spinal

referres to fiberous bands that support organs and hold them in place

forms the cavity that encloses the heart

the membrane surrounding a bone

the membrane around cartilage

any abnormal growth of cells

tumor confined to a local area and does not spread

a tumor that grows in epithelium as a projecting mass

tumor originating in fatty tissue

a small skin tumor that can appear in a variety of tissues (usually harmless)

cancer originating in epithelium

cancers of connective tissue

abnormality of the structure or function of a part, organ, or system

age, gender, heredity, living conditions and habits, emotional disturbance, physical, and chemical damage, and preexisting illness

combined study of the relationship oa disease's pathologic and physiologic aspects

the study of the cause of a disease

relativlely servere but usually lasting a short time

less severe but likely to be continuous or recurring for long periods

between acute and chronic

without known cause

ressults from the adverse effects of treatment

study of diseases in populations

the number of new desease cases in a particular population during a specific time period

the overall frequency of a disease in a given group

the percentage of the population that dies from a given disease whithin a given time period

many people within a given region acquire a certain disease at the same time

a given disease is found to a lesser extent but continuously in a particular region

a disease that is prevalent throughout an entire country or continent, or the whole world

reaching a conclusion as to the nature or identity of the illness

subjective disease conditions noted by the patient (subject)

objective manifestions that can be observed. (they can be measured)

a characteristic group of symptoms and signs that accompanies a disease

a prediction of a probable outcome of a disease

prescribed course of treatment

a tiny living thing to be seen by the naked eye

microorganisms that cause illness or disease

an insect or other animal that transmits a disease-causing organism from one host to another

primitive single cell organisms

not a living cell that can multiply only whithin living cell

yeast and molds

single cell animals

very simple multi-cellular or single cell aquatic plants

microorganisms that live on or in the body

bacteria that can grow in absence of oxygen

bacteria that requires oxygen

anaerobes that will use oxygen if it is present are able to grow whithout oxygen

• bacteria that produce resistant forms that can tolerate long periods of dyness or other adverse conditions
• (all endospore-forming bacteria are bacilli)

help bacteria to glide along solid surfaces, can also help anchor bacteria to surfaces and to attach bacteria to each other for exchange of genetic information

bacteria attaching to each other for exchange of genetic information

round cells in characteristic arrangements

• cells that are arranged in pairs; di- means two
• (gonorrhea, and meningitis)

• cells that are in chains: strept- means chain
• (pnuemonia)

• cells arranged in clusters; staphylo- means cluster
• (pnuemonia)

• straight slender rods
• responsible for diphtheria, tetanus, tuberculosus

• short rods with a slight curvature like a comma
• (cholera)

long wavelike cells resembling a corkscrew

• similar to spirilla but are capable of waving and twisting motion
• (syphilis)

• round
• rod
• curved

infectious particle composed solely of protein

composed of rna alone with no protein coat

• diseases caused by fungi
• ie. athletes foot, and ring worm

normal inhabitant of the mouth and digestive tract that may produce skin lesions, an oral infection called thrush, digestive upset, or inflamation of the vaginal tract(vaginitis)

an irregular mass of cytoplasm that propels itself by extending part of itself and then flowing into the extension

cannot propel themselves, unable to grow outside of a host

• parasites with human hosts
• (parasitic worms)

rounds worms---one of the most common infestations----affects the lungs or intestines. Long white/yellow worm pointed at both ends.

small round worm found in pork and wild game

leaf shaped flat worms

refers to the presence of pathogenic organismsor their toxins in the blood or tissue

condition in which no pathogens are present

a substance produced by living cells that has the power to kill or arrest the growth of bacteria

hospital accquired infections

most commonly used stain. negative is red; positive is bluish purple

• self, seperate, distinct
• ie. self originating (unknown cause)

poison, rot, decay

any wound or local damage to tissue

redness of the skin

• a spot that is neither raise nor depressed,
• ie. measles or freckles

a firm raised area, as in some stages of chicken pox

a blister or small fluid filled sac as seen in chicken pox or shingles eruptions

a vesicle filled with pus

a scratch into the skin

a rough, jagged wound made by tearing of the skin

a sore associated with disintegration and death of tissue

a crack in the skin

• scar
• (sick of trix)

excess collagen producing tumorlike masses or sharply raised areas on the skin surface

a general term referring to any skin disease

inflamation of the skin

inflamation characterized by intense itching and skin inflamation

a chronic overgrowth of the epidermis leading to large, sharply outlined, red, flat areas covered with silvery scales

a disease of the sebacceous glands connected with hair follicles

acute contagious disease of staphylococcal or streptoccal origin

• causes the formation of watery vesicles
• type I- causes lesions around the nose and mouth
• type II- responsible for genital infections

caused by the same virus that causes chicken pox.

• a small tumor caused by a virus of the human papillomavirus (hpv)
• means a wart

baldness

hives

• condition characterized by the formation of blisters in the skin and mucos membranes by autoimmune reactions
• fatal if not treated!

a chronic, inflammatory, autoimmune deasea of connective tissue

desease of unknown that involves over production of colagen with thickening and tightening of the skin

decubitus ulcer or bed sore which is a skin lesions that appears where the body rests on skin that covers boney projections

hair

oil glands

• sweat glands
• eccrin, and apocrine

• protection against infection
• protection against dehydration
• regulation of body temperature
• sensory information
• vitamin D
• absorption, excretion