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An elaborate system of drainage vessels that collect the excess protein-containing interstitial fluid and return it to the bloodstream.
Lymphatic vessels, lymphatics
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Protein-containing interstitial fluid.
Lymph
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The amount of lymph that is collected and returned to the bloodstream daily.
3 L
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Two things that make up the lymphatic system.
- The network of lymphatic vessels and
- Various lymphoid tissues and organs
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The two primary functions of the lymphatic system.
- Filtration
- Provide immunities
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These transport any fluids that have escaped from the blood vascular system to the blood.
Lymphatic vessels
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Lymphoid tissues and organs have these two types of -cytes.
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Lymph transport is sporadic and slow. Name three things that promote lymph flow.
- Pulsations of nearby arteries,
- Smooth muscle in the walls of the lymphatic trunks, and
- Smooth muscle in the thoracic duct.
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Are lymphatic vessels considered low- or high-pressure conduits?
Low
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Lymphatic vessels are usually bundled together in connective tissue sheaths along with these.
Blood vessels
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What happens to lymph flow when there is an increase in physical activity or passive movement?
Increases
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Why is it a good idea to immobilize a badly infected body part?
To hinder the flow of inflammatory material from the infected region.
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The three regions where large clusters of lymph nodes are found.
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In an inflammatory response, infectious microorganisms are fought off by these two -cytes.
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The main cells of the immune system that arise from red bone marrow.
Lymphocytes
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Two types of mature lymphocytes.
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These lymphocytes manage the immune response and some directly attack and destroy infected cells.
Activated T cells
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These lymphocytes protect the body by producing plasma cells.
B cells
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These are daughter cells that secrete antibodies into the blood or other body fluids. Produced by B cells.
Plasma cells
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These immobilize and destroy antigens.
Antibodies
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These phagocytize foreign substances and help to activate T cells.
Macrophages
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Scattered reticular tissue elements found in every body organ but especially in mucous membranes and specific organs.
Diffuse lymphatic tissue
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These solid, spherical bodies of tightly packed reticular elements and cells are diffuse and lack a capsule.
Lymphoid follicles, or nodules
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The lighter staining center often found in lymphoid follicles.
Germinal centers
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Germinal centers enlarge dramatically when these are dividing rapidly and producing plasma cells.
B cells
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These are the principal lymphoid organs of the body.
Lymph nodes
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These remove and destroy microorganisms and other debris that enter the lymph from the loose connective tissue.
Macrophages
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These activate the immune system by attacking bacteria.
Lymphocytes
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Connective tissue strands of the dense fibrous capsule or each node.
Trabeculae
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Two distinct regions of a lymph node.
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The superficial part of the lymph node that contains densely packed follicles. Many hold germinal centers heavy with dividing B cells.
Cortex
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The thin inward extensions from the cortical area of lymphoid tissue that contain lymphocytes and plasma cells.
Medulla
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This type of lymphocyte circulates continuously between the blood, lymph nodes, and lymph, performing their surveillance role.
T cells
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Lymph enters the convex side of this via a number of afferent lymphatic vessels.
Lymph node
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The larger sinus of a lymph node that lymph travels through as it makes it way past the cortex and into the medulla.
Subcapsular sinus
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Efferent lymphatic vessels exit the node where?
Hilum
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The stagnation of lymph in the nodes allows time for what two things to occur?
- Lymphocytes and
- Macrophages to carry out their functions.
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Name five lymph organs.
- Tonsils
- Thymus
- Spleen
- Peyer's patches of the intestine
- Appendix
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The largest lymphoid organ. In the left side of the abdominal cavity just beneath the diaphragm, curls around the anterior aspect of the stomach.
Spleen
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Lymphoid organ that provides a site for lympohcyte proliferation, immune surveillance and response, and blood-cleansing functions.
Spleen
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Lymphoid organ that stores some of the breakdown products of red blood cells for later reuse and releases others to the blood for processing by the liver. Is a site for erythrocyte production in the fetus. Stores blood platelets.
Spleen
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A bilobed lymphoid organ that is located in the inferior neck and extends into the superiot throax, partially overlies the heart deep to the sternum.
Thymus
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Organ that secretes the hormones thymopoietin and the thymosins.
Thymus
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The medulla of the thymus contains these, which are concentric whorls of keratinized epithelial cells that are the sites of T cell destruction.
Hassall's or thymic corpuscles
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The simplest of the lymphoid organs that form a ring of lymphatic tissue around the entrance to the pharynx.
Tonsils
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These gather and remove many of the pathogens entering the pharynx in food or in inhaled air.
Tonsils
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A lumpy collection of lymphoid folllicles at the base of the tongue is collectively referred to as these tonsils.
Lingual
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This tonsil is in the posterior wall of the nasopharynx. If enlarged, they are referred to as adenoids.
Pharyngeal
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The two collections of lymphoid follicles that are in ideal positions to destroy bacteria in the intestine and generate "memory" lymphocytes (long-term immunity).
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Five areas where ucosa-associated lymphatic tissue (MALT) organs can be found.
- Peyer's patches
- Appendix
- Tonsils and
- follicles in the walls of the bronchi
- mucosa of genitourinary organs
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Type of lymphoid tissue that protects passages that are open to the exterior from foreign matter entering them.
MALT
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