202 Lungs & Thorax

sounds NOT normally heard in the lungs. if present, they are heard as superimposed on the breath sounds

functional units of the lungs; thin walled chambers surrounded by networks of capillaries that are the site of respiratory exchange of co2 and o2

functional respiratory unit: bronchioles, alveolar ducts, alveolar sacs, and alveoli

aka Manubriosternal angle. the articulation of the manubrium and the body of the sternum. continuous with 2nd rib. site of tracheal bifurcation.

cessation of breathing

abnormal respiratory condition associated with allergic hypersensitivity to certain inhaled allergens, characterized by bronchospasm, wheezing, and dyspnea

abnormal resp condition characterized by collapsed, shrunken, deflated section of alveoli

slow breathing, < 10 bpm

one of the smaller resp passageways into which the segmental bronchi divide.

"iole" = small

inflammation of the bronchi with partial obstruction of bronchi due to excessive mucus secretion. sign: productive cough upon waking.

type of voice sound. the spoken voice sound heard thru stethoscope, which sounds soft, muffled, and indistinct over normal lunch tissue. abnormal if can be heard clearly, sign of increased lung density.

the normal breath sound heard over major bronchi (under sternum and b/w scapula), characterized by moderate pitch and an equal duration of insp and exp

functional category of abnormal resp conditions characterized by airflow obstruction, e.g., emphysema, chronic bronchitis. signs: tripod position, hypertrophied neck mm and traps.

millions of hairlike cells lining the tracheobronchial tree

the solidification of portions of lung tissue as it fills ip with infectious exudate, as in pneumonia

aka rales. abnormal, discontinuous, adventitious lung sounds heard on insp. sounds like velcro opening. doesn't clear with coughing. produced when fluid inside a bronchus causes a collapse of the distal airways and alveoli. causes: atelectasis, pneumonia, fibrosis, heart failure, pulmonary edema.

atelectatic crackles are not patholgic. heard when sections of the alveoli that weren't fully aerated and deflate slightly and accumulate secretions during sleep or in the elderly, expand by a few deep breaths

coarse crackling sensation palpable over the skin when air abnormally escapes from teh lung and enters the subq tissue. causes: open thoracic injury, chest surgery, tracheostomy.

passageways that transport air, but are not available for gas exchange. trachea and bronchi.

difficult, labored breathing

voice sound of "eeeeee" head thru the stethoscope. abnormal if sounds like "A", sign of consolidation

the COPD characterized by enlargement of alveoli distal to terminal bronchioles. chronic hyperinflation of lungs leads to barrel chest

narrow crack dividing the lobes of the lungs. R has horizontal and oblique. L has oblique only. Obliques terminate at 6th rib, midclavicular line. R horizontal is from 4th rib to 5th rib midaxillary line.

tactile / vocal fremitus. a palpable vibration from the spoken voice felt over the chest wall

a coarse, grating, adventitious lung sound heard when the pleurae are inflamed

aka hypercarbia. increased levels of co2 in blood. the normal stimulus to breathe

increased rate and depth of breathing. co2 excreted during exp, ^ alkalinity of blood. sign of acidosis.

decreased o2 in blood

space b/w ribs. number according to rib above the space.

type of hyperventilation that occurs with diabetic ketoacidosis

ability to breathe easily only in upright pos'n.

sudden awakening from sleep with SOB

striking over chest wall with short sharp blows of the fingers in order to determine the size and density of the underlying organ.

abnormal fluid b/w the layers of pleura

low-pitched, musical, snoring, adventitious lung sound caused by airflow obstruction from secretions. heard continuously during insp and exp. clear with coughing

rapid shallow breathing, >20 bpm

soft, low-pitched, normal breath sounds heard over peripheral lung fields

the amt of air, following max insp, that can be exhaled

high-pitched, musical, squeaking adventitious lung sound

type of voice sound. a whispered phrase heard thru the stethoscope that sounds faint and inaudible over normal lung tissue. abnormal is sounds clear and distinct, sign of consolidation.

sword-shaped lower tip of the sternum