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The study of the effects of drugs on the normal physiological functions of the body and how the drugs are manifested:
pharmacodynamics
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The method by which a drug elicits effects is known as the:
mechanism of action
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Drugs produce effects through:
drug-receptor interaction, drug-enzyme interaction, and nonspecific drug interaction
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Strong affinity for a receptor allows a drug to elicit one of the following reactions:
agonist, antagonist, or mixed interaction
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A drug or natural substance with an affinity for specific receptor sites that produces a physiologic response, usually predictable.
Agonist
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A drug agonist simply stimulates or enhances the:
body’s natural response to stimulation
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Drugs with ____ activity will block receptors for which they have affinity.
antagonist
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These occur throughout body systems and are generally considered catalysts responsible for initiating biochemical reactions.
Enzymes
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A drug-enzyme interaction occurs when a drug:
resembles the substrate to which an enzyme usually attaches
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The time required for a certain serum drug concentration to decline by 50% is termed:
biologic half-life or half-life of elimination
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The ratio of the Lethal dose and Effective dose is the measurement of the relative safety of a drug also known as:
Therapeutic Index
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Lethal Dose (LD50) is the dose at which a drug is lethal to:
50% of the population
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Effective Dose (ED50) is the dose required to produce therapeutic effects in:
50% of the population
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Therapeutic Index formula:
TI = LD50/ED50 (the closer to 1, the more dangerous)
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A predictable pharmacologic action on body systems other thant he action intended.
side effect
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Accumulation of a drug above the safe level:
toxicity
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Toxicity could be caused by:
impaired metabolism or elimination
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A drug-drug interaction may produce:
agonistic, synergistic, or antagonistic responses
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When two drugs act together to give a pharmacologic response that is greater than the additive response of both.
Synergism
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Medications that affect the electrical conduction system of the myocardium:
Antiarrhythmic
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Antiarrhythmic medications act to block:
Sinoatrial Node, AV Node, Bundle of His, and Purkinje fibers
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The ultimate goal of antiarrhythmic medications is to suppress:
excess electrical conduction
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Drugs that assist in lowering the blood pressure to safe, long-term goals:
Antihypertensive
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Medications that are designed to eliminate excess fluid and sodium from the blood stream, thus decreasing the overall pressure within the vessels:
Diuretics
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Overuse or improper use of Diuretics can result in:
dehydration and kidney failure
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Drugs used for patients who have a history of blood clot or potential to develop blood clot, and prevent vitamin K absorption:
Anticoagulant
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Drugs prescribed to patients who have experienced an acute ischemic event to their heart or brain in the past; depresses function of platelets:
Antiplatelets
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Medication used to actively break up a newly formed clot:
Thrombolytic
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Drugs used to treat both chronic and acute pain syndromes:
Analgesic medications
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Subclasses of analgesics:
narcotics, NSAIDs, muscle relaxant, acetaminophen
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Medication that stimulates cns receptors known as opiod receptors and cause a decrease in the perception of pain:
Narcotics
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Drug that reverses the respiratory depressant effects of narcotics:
Naloxone
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Drug used to treat pain associated with inflammation.
Nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) such as ibuprofen
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Most common analgesic in use today; associated with liver, renal, and cardiac damage.
Acetaminophen (Tylenol)
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Medications used to block histamine from producing adverse effects such as itching, inflammation, respiratory distress, and overall allergic reactions:
Antihistamine
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A biologic amine involved in the immune response; triggers inflammatory response:
Histamine
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Two most common endocrine problems for which patients frequently receive treatment:
Diabetes and hypothyroidism
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Primary hypothyroidism is a result of a lack of:
endogenous thyroid hormone production
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Secondary hypothyroidism is due to:
removal or obliteration of the thyroid gland
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Medication required by patients who have difficulty maintaining a balance between blood sugar and tissue sugar:
Antidiabetic
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Patients with little or no circulating endogenous insulin have:
Insulin dependent, or type 1 Diabetes
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Patients with sufficient circulating endogenous insulin but poor receptor sensitivity to insulin are termed:
non-insulin depended, or type 2 Diabetes
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This drug should be withheld before and at least 48 hours after receiving radiopaque contrast agent:
Metformin
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Most frequently prescribed ROCM:
Iodine and Barium
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Atomic number of Iodine:
53
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Atomic number of Barium:
56
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What type of technique is used to produce high contrast radiographs of blood vessels or the genitourinary tract?
Low KV, below 80
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What type of technique is used in GI contrast examinations?
High kV, above 90
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Negative, or radiolucent contrast agents, have atomic numbers that are:
Low
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With the exception of Barium, ROCM are derivatives of:
triiodinated benzoic acid
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Movement of water across a semi-permeable membrane:
Osmosis
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The number of milliosmoles per kilogram of water:
Osmolality (weight)
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The number of milliosmoles per liter of solution:
Osmolarity (volume)
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Three categories of intravascular ROCM:
High-osmolality ionic, Low-Osmolality ionic, Low-Osmolality non-ionic
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Ionic ROCM exists in ___ forms consisting of ____ and _____.
salt, sodium, meglumine
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ROCM that dissociates into radiopaque anion and cation when injected into blood:
High-osmolality ionic ROCM
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ROCM that does not dissociate in solution with a 3:1 ratio:
Low-osmolality nonionic
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The only isomolar contrast agent in the US; has similar ratios of Na and Ca in blood:
Visipaque
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ROCM that dissociates into osmotically active particles with a 3:1 ratio:
Low-Osmolality Ionic
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Intravascular ROCM consists of _____ molecules with molecular weights between ____ and ____ with ____ lipid solubility.
Large, 600-1700, poor
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Intravascular ROCM does not cross ____ _____ and are primarily distributed into the ______.
cellular membranes, bloodstream
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Intravascular ROCM are excreted primarily via the ___.
kidneys
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Excretion of Intravascular ROCM may take up to _____ for complete excretion or ____ for patients with renal impairment.
24 hours, several days
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First to opacify with intravascular ROCM:
renal parenchyma
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Patients with renal impairment may have much lower to no opacification in the kidneys because:
up to 50% of the ROCM may be eliminated via the hepatic-biliary system
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ROCM used to diagnose and evaluate disorders of the GI system:
Enteral ROCM
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Three categories of Enteral ROCM:
aqueous solutions, suspensions, and tablets
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Enteral ROCM solutions are prescribed when barium is:
contraindicated, such as in a patient with a perforation or after surgery
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Example of Enteral ROCM solution:
Gastrografin
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Why is barium sulfate the preferred Enteral ROCM?
Because with solutions, significant dilution can occur due to high osmolality
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Oral ROCM used for opacifying the gallbladder:
Tablets (Iocetamic Acid)
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When are Enteral ROCM tablets given to the patient?
- The evening before the exam
- Consists of heavy metal chelates such as gadolinium, iron, and magnese:
- Paramagnetic contrast agents
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Used in identifying CNS lesions, intracranial metastases, MS and carcinomas:
Gadolinium compounds
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Iron-containing agents are useful in identifying:
hepatic lesions and lesions associated with lymphatic tissues
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Maganese Compounds have a high afinity to ____ cells and are used to identify cancers that have ____ in their matrix.
hepatic, hepatocytes
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