Anatomy/Physiology

• plasma membrane
• cytoplasm, including organelles
• nucleus

• plasma membrane
• endoplasmic reticulum(ER)
• golgi apparatus
• vesicles
• lysosomes
• proteasomes
• peroxisomes
• mitochondria
• nucleus

• ribosomes
• proteasomes
• cytoskeleton
• centrosome
• microvilli
• cilia and flagella
• nucleolus

serves as the boundary of the cell, maintains its integrity.

consists of membranous-walled canals and flat curving sacs arranged in parallel rows. They move proteins through their networks

membranous organelle consisting of cisternae stacked on one another and located near the nucleus. It processes and packages protein molecules delivered from the ER by small vesicles.

membranous bags that temporarily contain molecules for transport or later use.

they have membranous walls and are vesicles that have pinched off from the Golgi apparatus. They help the cell break down proteins that are not needed to get them out of the way.

• a nonmembranous hollow, cylindrical drum made up of protein subunits.
• They are responsible for breaking down abnormal and misfolded proteins from the ER, as well as destroying normal regulatory proteins in the cytoplasm that are no longer needed.

• are small membranous sacs-containing enzymes.
• Their function is to detoxify harmful substances that may enter cells

• made up of microscopic sacs, wall composed of inner and outer membranes separated by fluid.
• The mitochondrial enzymes catalyze series of oxidation reactions that provide about most of a cell’s energy supply (ATP).

houses the genetic code DNA.

• they are membranous structure made of two tiny interlocking pieces a large and small subunit.
• Function is protein synthesis

• acts as a framework to support the cell aqnd its organelles
• functions in cell movement; forms cell extensions(microvilli, cilia, flagella)

• the microtubule-organizing center (MTOC) of the cell
• includes 2 centrioles that assist in forming and organizing microtubules.

tiny, fingerlike extensions that increase a cells absorptive surface area.

hairlike cell extensions that serve to move substances over the cell surface(cilia) or propel sperm cells(flagella)

part of the nucleus; plays an essential role in the formation of ribosomes. Contains RNA.

the gel-like inside of a cell

the watery fluid inside in the cytoplasm

water loving; the head or water soluble side of the phospholipid molecule.

water fearing; tail end of the phospholipid molecule

ER with ribosomes attached. located closer to the nucleus

• Smooth in apperance.
• Transport Ca ions from the cytosol into the sacs of the ER, maintaining a low concentration of Ca in the cells interior.

smallest cell fibers, they are thin twisted strands of protein molecules. located in muscle cells.

slightly thicker twisted protein strands. located in the outer layer of skin.

thickest of the cell fibers. made up of protein subunits arranged in a spiral fashion.

• microfilament
• intermediate filament
• microtubules

the nucleus

• Plasma membrane serves as the boundary of the cell, maintaining its integrity
• it controls what goes in and out of the cell
• it contains proteins and carbohydrate chains that serve as identifying markers and receptor molecules.

DNA

• The membranous organelles are the organelles that are specialized sacs or canals made of cell membrane.
• The nonmembranous organelles are not made of membrane but are made of microscopic filaments or other nonmembranous materials

the mitochondria

it is composed of a phospholipid bilayer with the hydrophilic/polar heads of the phospholipids facing outward and the hydrophobic/nonpolar tails facing inward.

Nucleus, which contains DNA in the form of chromatins, has a central nucleolus which contains RNA and the nucleolus is suspended in the nucleoplasm.

• desmosomes
• gap junctions
• tight junctions

• anchored internally by intermediate filaments of the cytoskeleton.
• 2 kinds: spot and belt
• spot resemble velcro
• belt have desmosomes structure thtat completely encircle the cell

• formed when membrane channels of adjacent plasma membranes adhere to each other.
• ex. heart muscle cells.

• occur in cells that are joined near their apical surfaces by collars of tightly fused membrane.
• ex. lining of the intestine