Limbic&Hypothalamus&ANS.csv

produced in the paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus; transmitted to posterior pituitary; released from posterior pituitary into bloodstream

neurons of the posterior pituitary innervate the nucleus accumbens; dendritic vs. axonal release not determined

produced in the hypothalamus; transmitted to the posterior pituitary; affects the amygdala

vasopressin = testosterone-dependent; much more widespread in male brain; produces male-typical behaviors & pair-bonding in males

OTKO mice have social amnesia; injection of OT rescues

prairie voles = monogomous; have more oxytocin receptors in brain; meadow voles = promiscuous

differences in vasopressin receptor gene expression are correlated with differences in social behavior; long sattelite regions of this gene are associated with increased social attachment

stimulates oxytocin release; can pass through the blood-brain barrier

includes the hippocampus; fornix; fimbria; dentate gyrus; amygdala; parahippocampal gyrus; cingulate gyrus; subcallosal gyrus

C-shaped structure in the limbic system that carries information from the hypothalamus to the mammilary bodies and septal nuclei

small round bodies; part of the limbic system; involved in processing of memories

also called declarative memory; long-term memory; involves the hippocampus and medial temporal lobe

short-term memory; involves the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex

involves the amygdala

motor memory; involves the basal ganglia

loss of episodic memories

inability to form new memories

includes habituation and sensitization

classical and operant conditioning

landmark patient in the understanding of memory disorders; partial removal of temporal lobes resulted in severe retrograde amnesia

episodic memory; regulation of HPA axis (involved in stress response)

limbic system -> activation of ventral striatum -> inhibition of ventral pallidum ->less inhibition of thalamus -> activation of limbic system

stimulation activates the sympathetic nervous system

stimulation activates the parasympathetic nervous system

regulatory; maintenance of homeostasis; compares sensory information with set points from the cerebral cortex

small neurotransmitters produced within the nuclei of the hypothalamus; act on the anterior pituitary

connects hypothalamus with the pituitary gland

regulates circadian rhythm; found within the hypothalamus

neurons from the hypothalamus project directly to the posterior pituitary to induce the release of hormones (two-tiered response)

neuropeptides produced in the hypothalamus act up the anterior pituitary to induce the release of hormones (three-tiered response)

produce oxytocin and/or vasopressin; project to posterior pituitar for hormonal release; on kidney & uterus & mammary gland

act on anterior pituitary to release trophic hormones

somatic motor neurons project directly to the muscle of innervation

preganglionic motor neurons project to autonomic ganglia; unmyelinated postganglionic motor neurons project to the muscle of innervation

location of preganglionic neuronal bodies; neurotransmitter released from postganglionic neurons; diffuse vs. targeted outflow

located inside adrenal gland; innervated primarily by cholinergic preganglionic neurons of the sympathetic nervous system; activation evokes secretion of adrenaline/noradrenaline into circulation

primarily epinephrine and norepinephrine

primarily acetylcholine

receptor for acetylcholine; primarily found on organs innervated by the parasympathetic nervous system; include M1 and M2 receptors; binding generally leads to smooth muscle contraction

G-protein coupled receptors that are the targets for catecholemines; primarily found on organs innervated by the sympathetic nervous system; include alpha-1 and beta-1 and beta-2 receptors; binding generally leads to smooth muscle relaxation

intrinsic to the gastrointestinal tract; not directly controlled by the CNS; modulated by ANS modulation (primarily parasympathetic)